Cultural Imperialism Is A Very Old Phenomenon Media Essay

Cultural Imperialism Is A Very Old Phenomenon Media EssayDuring the past five hundred years, europiuman countries colonized southern countries in the name of spreading Christian civilization to the primitive people in other parts of the world, as well as securing resources and workers for frugal production. As cultural imperialism occurs, it is said to be for the own good of the other, conquered civilization, to spread common determine, rights and standards of development. The United States argon currently non the only cultural imperialists, only if the spread of Ameri elicit values in the entire world is at the leading edge of a wave of spread of Western goods and consumerist agriculture. Today, the phenomenon might take a several(predicate) form, as it is a lot more(prenominal) subtle and less brutal than the European colonization it is being through with(p) in the name of freedom of the grocery store and freedom of expression.There argon two sides and two major views on the ongoing process. Some consider the lengthiness of the Ameri crowd out culture as ineluctable and beneficial to the world, for just about Ameri hobo cultural imperialism is a bane to other cultures.I will try to review both of them to strive a disclose and more reasonable assumption.People who do not see the hegemony of American culture as a threat, state that through the media, the United States is spreading some universal values and world rights. To some authoritarian countries, it spreads ideas of freedom of expression, democracy, commensurateity, and rights concepts that should be, in some peoples opinion, universal. Universality of some values may be possible human reputation is not that dissentent from one culture to another, and many values be shared across cultures. However, the majority of the worlds cultures undervalue women and children in practice if not in ethos. Fin all toldy, the majority of the worlds people, regardless of the names given to g every wherenmental regimes by those with authority, continue to live without real participatory democracy. American ideals of equality, freedom, and democracy now functional in the world may give more freedom to women, children, and to minorities in all cultures, and will promote anti-racist, anti-sexist or anti-authoritarian messages and regimes.Irving Kristol, in The emerging American Imperialism, stand fors imperialism as an unintended consequence of market expansion rather than a conscious goal one of these days, the American people are going to awaken to the occurrence that we have become an imperial nation. But he later argues that it is not something unintentional, but that in fact many nations have facilitated and welcomed American cultural values along with American products and ways of life it happened because the world wanted it to happen. To him, the American missionaries live in Hollywood, which is different from the Old European imperialism, which was based on bureaucrati c colonial governments and resource extraction.Christopher Dunkley, in American Cultural Imperialism No Bad Thing says that America provides some of the best available anywhere in the world. single of the reasons that American series are so successful in the world is that thanks to its immigration policies, the US has a population with a mixtureture of Anglo Saxons, Scandinavians, Asians and so on that provides American broadcasters with a domestic audience which is, to all intents and purposes, international. Please the American audience and you can guarantee you will please the world.Some theories of world(prenominal)ization see, instead of cultural imperialism, the movement of products and ideas from across national and cultural borders in ways that produce real changes in cultures like that of the United States. In 1994, MacQuail wrote in his book Mass Communication Theory that not only was United States influencing other cultures, but other cultures were also influencing the US While one-way go may be evident in terms of information run aways on an information theory quantitative estimate, the reality is that as media technology and economies become more intertwined, this seemingly one-way flow reverses itself into a two-way flow in which what sells abroad influences what Americans see at home. In that perspective, we can talk about an pervasion of cultures instead of the invasion of American culture in the world.Language is another consideration when speaking about cultural imperialism. English is indeed the linguistic process of business, high education, diplomacy, the Internet, science, popular music, entertainment and international travel. The importance of learning English is not just a political or economic issue4. Logically and arguably, the world take to have one kind of universal language at a basic level. Economically, having a central language could prove as a cracking advantage when companies can use the same computer programs in one language. As of 2006, an estimated 1 billion people speak English5. There has been a greater desire to learn English since the Internet has made such a big impact on the world. The reality is that language and cultural barriers and misunderstandings can get in the way of effective communication and create complications in the work world. With the aid of having a universal language, work can be done more efficiently, safer, and with fewer complications than when there is the factor of a language barrier. For international companies, which have branches all over the world in hundreds of different countries with different languages, this universal language could mean a whole new level of production and growth, and in essence, raise the standard of living for many. Richard Pells states that the effectiveness of the English language as a mass communicator has been essential to the acceptance of the American culture. Unlike other languages, the simpler structure, grammar, and use of mor e concise sentences in the English language, are all beneficial for the composers of ad slogans, cartoon captions, watchwordpaper headlines, and movie and TV dialogue. English, Pells says, is thus a language exceptionally well suited to the demands and spread of American mass culture10.The American cultural imperialism as a threat to other culturesWe should not forget that the differences in cultures make the world a rich and diverse place. E truly one-on-one of each country should have the right to express his or her own culture. A cultural uniformity would lead to the extinction of cultures and it would definitely represent a great loss.However, the American culture is intruding on some cultures in the world, in many cases threatening their existence. Superman, Spider-man, and Batman replace topical anaesthetic heroes Pepsi and Coke replace local fruit drinks and trick or treat begin to replace Dia de los Muertos. Perhaps more insidious, to compete with American cultural impo rts, local varieties and products begin to mimic American products. All the exportation of goods and information from the United States to the entire planet contributes to the exportation of the American culture.We know that the United States is the leader in exporting its information. One line is that the United States sells its information and media products so cheaply that it is impossible for the whole world to compete. The American producers budget to cover their costs within the US market and can consequently sell at unbeatable prices internationally. A consequence is that it is much cheaper to buy, for example, a blockbuster Hollywood movie made in the United States than to make a less expensive local production in another country. As a famous movie director George Lucas says, the United States is a tike country with a culture that has invaded the world via Hollywood. As long as there has been a talking Hollywood, Hollywood has had a huge impact on the rest of the world. Lu cas points out that people in other countries are troubled by what they see as US culture squashing local art and cinema.The motivations git American cultural imperialism parallel the justifications for U.S. imperialism throughout archives the desire for access to outside(prenominal) markets and the belief in the superiority of American culture. Though the United States does flub the worlds largest, most roleful economy, no business is completely satisfied with controlling only the American market American corporations want to control the other 95 percent of the worlds consumers as well. Many industries are incredibly successful in that venture. According to the Guardian, American films accounted for approximately 80 percent of spherical box position r dismantleue in January 2003. And who can forget good old Micky Ds? With over 30,000 restaurants in over one hundred countries, the ubiquitous golden arches of McDonalds are now, according to Eric Schlossers Fast Food Nation, mo re widely recognized than the Christian cross. Such American domination inevitably hurts local markets, as the majority of foreign industries are unable to compete with the economic strength of U.S. industry. Because it serves American economic interests, corporations conveniently ignore the detrimental impact of American control of foreign markets.It is liberal enough to convince Americans of the superiority of their culture, but how does one convince the rest of the world of the superiority of American culture? The answer is simple marketing. Whether attempting to sell an item, a brand, or an entire culture, marketers have always been able to successfully associate American products with modernity in the minds of consumers worldwide. While corporations seem to simply sell Nike seat or Gap jeans (both, ironically, manufactured outside of the United States), they are also selling the image of America as the land of cool. This indissoluble association causes consumers all over the globe to clamor ceaselessly for the same American products.In recent years, American corporations have developed an even more successful global strategy instead of advertising American conformity with blonde-haired, blue-eyed, stereotypical Americans, they pitch diversity. These campaigns-such as McDonalds new international Im lovin it campaign-work by drawing on the United States history as an ethnically integrated nation composed of essentially every culture in the world. An early example of this global marketing tactic was ground in a Coca dumbbell commercial from 1971 featuring children from many different countries innocently singing, Id like to teach the world to sing in perfect agreement/Id like to buy the world a Coke to keep it company. This commercial illustrates an attempt to portray a U.S. goods as a product capable of transcending political, ethnic, religious, social, and economic differences to unite the world (according to the Coca-Cola Company, we can achieve worl d peace through consumerism).Today, the spread of American culture goes through every communication medium 90% of the information available on the Internet is in English, CNN is seen in 120 countries, Stephen King is the number one best seller in the world. Obviously, there is already a process of cultural uniformity going on, and this can be seen as a great loss.More recently, Viacoms MTV has successfully adapted this strategy by integrating many different Americanized cultures into one unbelievably influential American network (with over 280 million subscribers worldwide). According to a 1996 New World young Study conducted by DMBBs BrainWaves division, of the 26,700 middle-class teens in forty-five countries surveyed, 85 percent watch MTV every day. These teens absorb what MTV intends to show as a diverse mix of cultural influences but is really nothing more than manufactured stars singing in English to appeal to American popular taste.If the strength of these diverse American i mages is not powerful enough to move products, American corporations also appropriate local cultures into their advertising abroad. Unlike Levitts weak multinationals, these corporations dont bend to local tastes they merely sneak in indigenous celebrities or trends to present the facade of a customized advertisement. MTV has spawned over twenty networks specific to certain geographical areas such as Brazil and Japan. These specialized networks set ahead spread the association between American and modernity under the pretense of catering to local taste. Similarly, commercials in India in 2000 featured Bollywood stars Hrithik Roshan promoting Coke and Shahrukh Khan promoting Pepsi (Sanjeev Srivastava, Cola Row in India. BBC News Online). By using popular local icons in their advertisements, U.S. corporations successfully associate what is fashionable in local cultures with what is fashionable in America. America essentially samples the worlds cultures, repackages them with the Amer ican trademark of materialism, and resells them to the world.Compounding the influence of commercial images are the media and information industries, which present both explicit and implicit messages about the very real military and economic hegemony of the United States. Ironically, the industry that claims to be the source for fair and balanced information plays a large role in the propagation of American influence around the world. The concentration of media ownership during the 1990s enabled both American and British media organizations to gain control of the majority of the worlds news services. Satellites allow over 150 million households in approximately 212 countries and territories worldwide to subscribe to CNN, a member of Time Warner, the worlds largest media conglomerate. In the words of British sociologist Jeremy Tunstall, When a government allows news importation, it is in effect importing a piece of another countrys politics-which is true of no other import. In addit ion to politics and commercials, networks like CNN also present foreign countries with unabashed accounts of the military and economic superiority of the United States.The internationalization of television news, while unquestionably a crucial aspect of the processes generally lumped together as globalization, seems paradoxically to be the least well examined, yet most alluded to, aspect of the globalization phenomena. (Paterson, C. Global television news services, Media in Global consideration A Reader, Oxford University Press1997, p.145). As Paterson points out in his article, few people actually seem to know that most television broadcasters buy international news from transnational news agencies like Rauters, Worldwide Television News and Associated Press Television. Or as Paterson puts it since television is the major force in shaping how Europe and America see the world, and is becoming so in the rest of the industrialised world and much of the developing world, then the ima ges selected by these few television journalists of mistakable training and background, are absolutely crucial determinants of how people world-wide perceiver other nations and global issues.Some of these major news corporations are more closely affiliate with Rupert Murdoch, and Rupert Murdoch is widely believed to have used his print and broadcast news holding in Britain to bolster Thatcher and Thatcherism (Bagdikian1989, found in Paterson, C. Global television news services, Media in Global Context A Reader, Oxford University Press1997 p.154).Commercialisation gives further reason for concern about international news. The tabloidization regarding printed media, and overflow of clichs in television, as Paterson points out, is mainly a process of dumbening down news, and putting emphases on news concerning sports and stars etc. which may perhaps have further impact on peoples political cognition (or maybe lack of it). This trend rises questions about consumerism in the west, an d what impact this may have on a global scale. But why is it happening and with such success?cultural imperialism is understood in the terms of the imposition of one national culture upon another and the media are seen as central to this process as carriers of cultural meanings which penetrate and dominate the culture of the subordinate nation. (Barker, C. Global television, Blackwell Publishers 1997 p.183).In conclusion media have speeded up the connection between cultures and thereby started to erase the boundaries of space, and even more profound boundaries of nations and government ensuring free flow of information and influence. The fact that America arguably is in the centre of this development rises concerns about which influences and the voice of whom we are hearing. The homogenisation thesis involved, as posed by many theorists, is both seen as an advantage and a reason for concern. This concern perhaps mainly because of the threat of American cultural imperialism and a con sequent loss of diversity, and the possible immense power of position for whom leads this trend because of what seems to be an ability to override governments. The capitalistic nature of media prevents any revolt against the almost monopolistic position the western world has on globalisation via media, and there seem to be no authority that can intervene in this process preventing a monopoly. So however romantic the idea of cultures being brought closer together is, there are also power struggles and the possibility to exploit this development, which American officials openly admit to be attempting.The rise of English as an international language of trade and politics has been one of the strongest vehicles for the transmittal of American culture. The place of English in the world has crystallized in the past decades you can read signs in English in every capital, and eloquence in English has become a taken-for-granted prerequisite for upper-level positions in international trade and politics. While the forces leading to the rise of an international language differ greatly from cultural imperialism, it would be difficult to separate the two. As English becomes a global language, it becomes clear that language and culture cannot be separated. The AP National source journalist Anthony Ted says every one from the French to the Indonesians worry that where English goes, America will follow. Scholars Nye and Owen admitted that it is the goal of the United States to have English as the international language It is in the economic and political interests of the United States to ensure that, if the world is moving to a common language, it be English that if the world is becoming linked by television, radio and music, the programming be American and that, if common values are being developed, they be values with which Americans are comfortable. According to them, not only it is intentional, but also it is a developing reality. If this spread of values, language, and information is purely because of economic and political interest for the United States, the well-being of other cultures and their freedom of expression are not taken into consideration except instrumentally can they be bought and sold for a get ahead, or can they be used to political advantage to the profit and advantage of the US.Not all social critics see the Americanization of the world as a negative phenomenon. Proponents of cultural imperialism, such as David Rothkopf, a former senior official in Clintons Department of Commerce, argue that American cultural imperialism is in the interest not only of the United States but also of the world at large. Rothkopf cites Samuel Huntingtons theory from The Clash of Civilizations and the Beginning of the World Order that, the greater the cultural disparities in the world, the more likely it is that conflict will occur. Rothkopf argues that the removal of cultural barriers through U.S. cultural imperialism will promote a more stable world, one in which American culture reigns supreme as the most just, the most tolerant, the most willing to constantly reassess and improve itself, and the best model for the future. Rothkopf is correct in one sense Americans are on the way to establishing a global society with minimal cultural barriers. However, one must question whether this projected society is truly beneficial for all involved. Is it worth sacrificing countless indigenous cultures for the unbelievable promise of a world without conflict? Around the world, the answer is an overwhelming No Disregarding the fact that a world of homogenized culture would not necessarily guarantee a world without conflict, the complex fabric of diverse cultures around the world is a fundamental and indispensable basis of humanity. Throughout the track of human existence, millions have died to preserve their indigenous culture. It is a fundamental right of humanity to be allowed to preserve the mental, physical, intellectual, and creative aspects of ones society. A single global culture would be nothing more than a shallow, artificial culture of materialism reliant on technology.The attempt by UNESCO to regulate a more equal flow of communication between the North and the South, to protect cultural diversity and to protect countries from cultural imperialism unfortunately resulted in the withdrawal of the United States because it did not couple to its financial interests. Since 1984, which is the date of the American withdrawal, UNESCO keeps trying to influence and give recommendations to governments, but it has no power over the main country that owns most of the communication flow in the world the United States of America.

The e-banking

The e- slanging1.1 INTRODUCTIONThis Chapter is begins with a brief introductory of E-banking. The section 1.2 put ups overview of the E-banking. Next, for the Section 1.3 line of business statement which is fully elaborates. Fol showtimeing that, Section 1.4 states the research objectives. In section 1.5 which is definition of term. Lastly, Section 1.6 underlies the organization of chapters.1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE E-BANKINGE-banking is term which means the process by a client who whitethorn per motley banking legal proceeding via automated delivery banking products and work through electronic delivery epithelial ducts. The set upment of proceeds delivery brings much(prenominal) as E-banking, contribute created a b atomic number 18-assed type of economy it in like manner change magnitude knowledge strength in beas of business, and tender forms of business (IGI Global, 2009). The growing of net and telecommunication system at a global level has enabled E-banking operate i n bank sector. E-banking service are becoming an important part for business environment for the bank industry. The development of E-banking changing the lifestyle of banks clients towards financial proceeding process. E-banking run put that the available time which is extend for normal business hour. ground on the speech of Tan Sri Zeti Aktar Aziz, (2003) concluded the differentiating banking products and services provided the new banking environment increased of choices, control security and accessibility. Thus, the most efficient and emergenceive manner impart be the key to defined performance of the financial institutions ability to deliver products and services. Hence, the E-banking carry tabu the regular activities to individual and corporate customer its now becomes a virtual banking. (Chai Lee Goi, 2005). Even those E-banking services can consider as more electronic- radicald, but it still strongly bet ons banking activities, such(prenominal) as communication, tran saction and diffusion (Peterson, Balasubramanian and Bronnrnberg, 1997). The system includes for E-banking to enable financial institution customers, individuals or business, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the cyberspace. (Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, n.d). The following figure 1 show the available of E-banking system. fit to The Star online (2006) the electronic devices stretch outed to access E-banking services using an electronic device, such as personal computer (PC), automated teller machine (ATM), telephony, or mobile phone. By using these electronic devices bank customers can access their banking accounts, such as lucre banking, telephone banking and mobile banking. A banks customers can request information and carry out most sell banking services via computer, television or mobile phone which is the several types of E-banking services. Since first June 2000 Malaysia trust has been notching E-banking when domestic banking institution were allowed to provide a full ramble of banking product and services over the profits. In January 2001-2002, locally incorporated foreign banks were allowed to set up communication website and transaction website.1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTThis paper is to develop understanding of influencing compute of electronic relying services bankers acceptance among youth. The train of Lewis and Bingham (1991), who can be classified as youth and aged amongst 15 and 24 courses, this group of age population who mostly using internet and mobile services. The youth are more likely adopt the new technologies. On the new(prenominal) hand, youth shows more interest at using the E-banking services. E-banking services is rapidly using by customer for the personal transaction purpose. More recently, little hoi polloi under the age of 25 have been identified as the group showing the strongest pref erence for personal banking technologies and innovations (Bednar et al., 1995). This recent of year the usage of technology base service system such as internet are fully use by youth liken to older generation, but certain of them they are unnoticed to the easier of e-banking. So in this survey would like to improve the usage of e-banking with analyze the factor influencing the acceptation of E-banking by younger customer.According the survey of SKMM (2008) the persona share of the household user base across age groups is under 15 to 50 and above. The range of age group of youth around 15-19 and 20-24 resulted the ploughshare is higher than other age group. The age of 15-19 maintains around 17.9 percent to 18.7 percent in the 2005 to 2008. The other group of age 20-24 the usage of internet around 15.7 percent to 17.2 percent.A successful adoption of E-banking to public the most important is the service quality that delivers to customers. Hence, without a uncorrupted quality of services leave affect the earnfulness of financial institutions and the future development. According Jun and Cai (2001) most of the customers expectations through internet are still lagging, in order to increase customer hard-corety are require to put a strong highlighting on their customer quality services, which are steadily growing competition in internet banking industry .Thus, yen term profitability is crucial for the loyalty of customer (Jun and Cai, 2001). According to the use up of Kotler,P.R (1994) good service is referred to as service which creates satisfied customer, thus the remaining loyal and talking favorably about the bank and its online services.The most of the E-banking services need upgrade of the level of security, since the level of customer being attack is high by hackers. How the bank sector can across to the security factor if it is always problems occur? According to a survey by Siddharth Agarwal (2009), that main problem found customer have a fear of hacking of account and thus do not go for internet banking, and hence bank are trying their shell by proving the best security options to the customer.1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objective of this study is to let youth customer more understanding the key factors that regulate their adoption towards E-banking services. there are three major objectives of this study, namelyTo understand the adoption of youth consumer towards E-banking servicesThe main purpose of the study is to obtain the view, adoption of youth consumer towards E-banking services as nowadays E-banking extends an important role in bank sector. It examines the views of youth towards e-banking and identifies the responses of youth to these E-banking services.To identify the factor which youth consumer consider important in adoption of E-banking servicesThe objective of the study is also identifying the factor towards E-banking services through youth opinion. A greater awareness for the important factor that yout h consumer as important of E-banking services might be achieved through the study and banks sector are improve the services to run professionally.To investigate what are the main factors influence the adoption towards E-banking services among youth and to enhance the services quality.The study also provides the different factor influence among youth adoption E-banking services. By analyze the factor influence youth towards E-banking services bank sector might know the needs of youth to increase the usage of E-banking services.In this study, will define the types of E-banking and determine the influencing factor of E-banking services adoption among youth. In this study for one of the factor will adopt the technology acceptance models (TAM) as one of its research instrument.1.5 characterThe main advantage of E-banking to customer is convenient and time-saving. Customer may access to their account information and conduct specific transactions through E-banking from a outside(a) locat ion, such as home or available at anytime. This study reflects upon opportunities to understand the E-banking services to gain more knowledge about E-banking. Other than this, this study might expose the factor influence towards youth adoption among E-banking and increase the awareness of youth through E-banking services. Lastly, this study would provide growth in E-banking services and meet the needs of customers to reach long term profitability.1.6 DEFINITIONE-banking (electronic banking) An umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically.Youth is the period between childhood and adulthood, the age of 15 and 24 years. mesh banking can also called online banking, is an outgrowth of PC banking. internet banking allows customer uses internet as the delivery channel to conduct banking bodily process.Mobile banking a financial transaction conducted by logging on to a banks website using a electric cell phone.Telephone banking a servic e allows customers to perform transactions over the telephone.ATM an automated teller machine computerized telecommunications device that provides the customer by inserting a tractile card with a chip to access financial transactions in a public space.Primary Data Data gathered for the research form the actual site of occurrence of event or from the respondents.Secondary Data Data collected from existing sources like, company annual reports and others.1.7 ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERThis study crazy elaborately organized into three chapters shall to address the overall objective of this research study. Chapter One begins with an introductory part which provides overview of E-banking, problem statement, and research objectives, definition. Following that, Chapter Two is to support the study by providing the reader with relevant literature review from various journals and articles. The E-banking in Malaysia and the types of E-banking will illustrate in chapter two also. In addition, the dependent varies of appliance, security, friends and relatives influences, comprehend usefulness, and personalization. Lastly, Chapter three is the research and methodology. Theoretical Framework is explained in this chapter.2.0 INTRODUCTION2.1 E-BANKINGStudies of Olga Lustsik, (2004) discuss the role of e- transmit in the banking sector as Electronic banking (E-banking). Automated E-banking service offer a perfect opportunity for minimizing costs thus, the goal of any company is to maximize profits for its owners and banks are no exception.According to juvenileman and Cowling (1996) believes that profitability and excerpt in a business is the excellent service quality to customers. The study of Jane, (2004) E-banking marketplace resulted that the consumer adoption with the success of E-banking products and services. The study of Bob Batchelor (2009) the term of E-banking or Electronic banking that describes all transactions among companies, organization, and individual and the ir banking institutions. The financial institutions that develop the online banking such as bill payment, money transfer and mobile E-banking, trough this services E-banking allow customers using more services.The E-banking can offer an enhanced range of services at a low cost to customers, such as cash withdrawals and cash-back transaction, deposits, payment and transfer. in that locationfore, in the early of electronic banking initiatives were designed reduce cost of transaction to delivery value to the customer. The low cost of E-banking services is good news for the customers on low incomes who may affordable through transaction. The system provided by E-banking should be standardized because the customer may use familiar with the procedure followed.The banks have already started focus on increasing the E-banking services to enable the customer to perform various functions on-line, hence E-banking can be succeed if the basic features can handled well. Most of the banks have es tablished an internet as a new distribution channel. By using the internet for the financial services it may improve the authority of customer. Thus, the banks may extend their market. However, in this study suggest that financial institution management should choose the level of E-banking services provided to various customer needs.Increasing of E-banking prevalent in the study of Shih and Fang (2004) explained that E-banking adopted by many financial institutions, E-banking functional to reduce costs, customized, short processing time, speedy and improved the flexibility of the business transaction. E-banking services offer effectively for twenty- 4 hours a days, seven days a week allow the customer can do their daily banking activities.2.1.1 TYPE OF E-BANKINGE-banking is the newest delivery channel of banking services. E-banking has separate in the variety types of the following, Internet banking (or online banking), telephone banking, mobile phone banking, and ATM (Automated T eller Machine). (Olga Lustsik, 2004) E-banking has transformed traditional practices in banking and explosive growth.Internet BankingThe new age banking system used the new term of internet banking, also called as online banking and it is an outgrowth of PC banking.( Divya Singhal and V.Padhmanabhan, 2008) The delivery channel of internet banking to conduct banking activity such as transferring funds, paying bills, viewing checking, savings account balances and certificated of deposits. (Haque et al, 2009)In the study of Diva Singhal and V.Padhmanabhan, (2008) conduct that there are many advantages of online banking. Internet banking is convenient, mathematical process timings, no geographical barriers and services at low cost charge.(Gonzalez et al., 2008) Internet banking increasingly managed operation activity and an main component of a multi-channel strategy to play an important role in the new banking environment. (Black et al., 2002) Thus, financial institutions now regard th e internet banking as equally important to other electronic banking transaction such as automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking.Automated Teller Machines (ATM)In the year 1980s, Automated Teller Machines (ATM) was the first E-banking product introduced. The ATM system serves customer with the simple transactions for example checking balance, withdrawing funds or depositing and transferring money. ( Rohaya Shaari and Nor Hayati, n.d.) The overall for the ATM, it easily found in various locations and its have the extended operating hours helps customers to overcome in time and the geographical constraints. ( Shanmugam et al., 2000) In the study of Leonard and Spencer (1991), found that a great majority of customers perceived banks with ATM as being successfully. Thus, the banking industry has tried gain the technology by ATM to take the advantage productivity and customer services for carry out the daily transaction.Telephone bankingTelephone banking is a channel for the delivering banking services, the banking industry use it as an alternative traditional way of delivering services to customer through branch networks. (Rizal Ahmad and Francis Buttle, 2002) Ramsay and Smith (1999) examined the Australian channel usage for telephone banking is employed by bank customers because its accessibility as well as convenience factors. According to Rizal Ahmad and Francis Buttle, (2002) the benefit by using telephone banking are convenience and control, enable customers privately using the services such as at home.Mobile bankingAn analysis define the mobile banking is a form of banking transaction carried out via a mobile phone and its allows bank customers to check their account balances or perform credit card transaction as well as provide information. (Hanudin and Ricardo and Mohd Zulkifli, n.d.) Mobile banking the new banking transaction services created opportunities by the rapid technological advances in mobile-based technologies, additionally the comm ercial banks in Malaysia have tried to improve trading operations and reduce costs by introduced mobile banking system. (Amin et al. 2008) Earlier studies by Luarn and Lin (2005) showed the facilitating the transactions between banks and their customers in mobile banking usefulness.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF E-BANKINGAccording to Bob Batchelor (2009), the first conceptualized of E-banking in the mid-1970, when the year of 1985 some banks have been offered E-banking to customers, unfortunately the lack of internet users and the higher cost of electronic banking have stunted growth of online banking. However, in the year 1990 internet explosion lead customer transaction trough online banking. Since 2000, there 80% of U.S. banks offered e-banking and the following the year of 2001, the first bank become the top 3 zillion online banking which is Bank of America, in 2009 a report by Gartner Group estimated that 47 percent of U.S. adults and 30 percent in U.K. bank online.The Bank Negara Malays ia on the 1st June 2001, formally allowed local commercial banks to offer Internet banking services and in the same year June 15, one of the largest bank in Malaysia, Maybank launched the first Internet banking services.2.2.1 E-BANKING IN MALAYSIAThere is variety of services of Electronic banking (e-banking) technology, from the common such as automatic teller machine (ATM) services, phone banking, and computer banking (PC banking). (Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.,2004). Since 1980s, the first of the emerging electronic banking in Malaysia introducing by Automated Teller Machines (ATM) the following is the Tele-banking and PC-banking in the 1990s.(MD. Arafat and Chaklader and Mohammad, n.d.) Information provided by Bank Info,(2007) to offer internet banking services in Malaysia only for the banking institutions clear under the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA) and the Islamic Banking Act 1983. There are 12 commercial banking and Islamic banks out of a total 25 in Malaysia which currently offering internet banking servicesAs a result, the financial institutions in Malaysia taking the initiatives to enhance the delivery channels via the rapidly growth in technologies. By the way, the important step onward end-2004 of introducing the Bankcard to replace magnetic stripe ATM cards. Hence, the ATM machine is being upgraded to MEPS (MAS Electronic Payment System) Cash transactions. This is the good started program to promote to the public and improve the acceptance of E-banking services. More customers would like to select Internet banking and ATM transactions by gaining the acceptance of electronic transaction in Malaysia with now over one million. (Tan Sri Zeti Aktar Aziz, 2003 Chai Lee Goi, 2005) Studies of Chai Lee Goi (2005), Malaysian banks proper understanding and planning for appropriate develop E-banking strategies to achieve successful in the local and global marketplace.According the result of statistic survey of SKMM (2008) showed that household use of internet average time spent around 12 hours per week. The activity on the internet such as to conduct financial delivery channel for three years, in the year of 2005 14.6 percent followed by the 2006 increase to 23.6 percent. The highest percentage compare to previous two years 2008 rise to 31.8 percent. Determined of the three year show that the usage of online transaction increasingly each of the year.List of Banks offering Internet and Mobile Banking services provided by BNM about 24 banking industry enable for internet banking and 10 banking industry offering mobile banking. The popular banks industry by offering internet banking such as Affin Bank Berhad, AmBank (M) Berhad, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia, CIMB Bank Berhad, Citibank Berhad, Hong Leong Bank Berhad, Maybank, HSBC Bank, Public Bank, RHB Islamic Bank, and OCBC Bank etc. The mobile banking available for AmBank, Bank Islam Malaysia, CIMB Bank, Citibank, Hong Leong Bank, MayBank and Public Bank etc.2.2.2 E-BANKING IN REGIONAccording to Parker,(1990) , the adoption of E-banking such as internet is growing in New Zealand. Auckland Savings Bank (ASB) in 1996 was the first bank to offer internet banking services, followed by the ASB subsidiary, BankDirect which was also the first and the only virtual bank. In the late of year 1999 Natinal Bank of New Zealand (NBNZ) and Bank of New Zealand also offer internet banking, followed the last quarter of 2001 there were around 480,000 regular internet users utilizing internet banking facilities to conduct their banking transaction through E-banking.(Christopher Gan et al.,2005) As predicted of Christopher Gan et al. (2005) that the usage of internet banking in New Zealand will continue to grow in the near future and the factor influenced New Zealand customer adoption E-banking such as price, user input, service product characteristics and individual.The E-banking in the USA is one of a wide variety services used by a disparate nu mber of consumer, around 91 percent of US households have a bank account. (Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.,2004 ) In year of 2003, the number of ATM transaction at 902 million per month and the number of debit transaction at 495million per month (EFT Data Book, 2003). The factor determined by Jane M.K. and Janne M.H. and Marianne A.H.(2004) affect USA consumer adopt E-banking which is convenient, compatibility, simplicity, observability and trialability.The study of Philip Gerrard and J.Barton (2003), determined the retail banks in Singapore and their internet banking activities. Retail banks are classified into either local or foreign full license banks by monetary authority of Singapore (MAS), Singapores central bank. The license banks of Singapore are offering the broadest range of financial services delivery through the internet. In the year of 1997 that the first local banks in Singapore namely DBS and UOB offer internet banking services, followed the bigger foreign banks HSBC, Citibank and Standard Charted Bank also provide financial services delivery through interne. There are the several factor affect Singapore adoption towards E-banking such as convenience, accessibility, confidentiality, compatibility, PC proficiency, economic benefits, complex procedures and innovativeness.According to Ali Ahmad, (2006) show that the Pakistan has been among the late entrants into E-banking such as ATM was setup in 1999 and 2000 internet banking was introduced. Pakistani government has already to start working towards created awareness among hoi polloi for E-banking services (Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, n.d.). The Ministry of Science Technology has been taking number of measures to promote E-commerce and E-banking in Pakistan (Dr. Shamshad Akthar, 2006). The use of ATM and E-banking products is gaining currency and most of the banks have established, offered by ATM will enhance the customer more alternatives choices to financial transaction services. In the recent years that the E-banking services such as Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Tele Banking, Internet Banking, Credit and Debit Cards etc. have growth effective delivery system in Pakistan (Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, n.d.). Based on the study of Hanniya abid and Umara Noreen, (n.d.) found the four factors affect acceptance Pakistan customer towards E-banking follow by usefulness, innovation/attitude, ease of use and external variables.Shih and Fang (2004) study that after Taiwan enter into the World bargain Organization (WTO), it also brings foreign banks into Taiwan marketplace. Therefore, banks in Taiwan are facing the competitive in service quality and administrative efficiency. To gain the beef up of Taiwan banks industry, Taipei Banks has establishment of new communication networks via E-banking such as internet banking, telephone banking and other digital channels. Taiwanese commercial banks have been ready to realize the competitive facing, thus in May 1999 o ffer E-banking services, such as fund transfer and account summary inquires. An individuals intention to adopt internet banking in Taiwan is determined by three factors attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control.In Youth MarketThe studies of Barry et al. (2002) show age also a significant factor to internet, the consumer which is aged 18-25 are highest preference for internet banking delivery channel. The younger consumers are more likely to adopt the delivery channels such as internet banking compare to telephone banking, because the lack of face to face contact are less important their think.Lewis and Binghamss (1991) research among aged 16-24 young people have an account at more than one bank. Thus, young people should consider are most disposed to switch financial providers (Meller, 1993). There are some banking industries tend to offer internet banking attract younger generation (Katri, n.d.). The study of Robert, (2007) youth based segmentation in the Malaysia n retail banking sector concern with what values influence young consumers preference and adoption of personal e-banking product. Youth can be defining as aged between 15 24 years Lewis and Bungham, (1991) studies. In the paper examines of Robert, (2007) to examine young consumers likelihood by selection of e-banking services which have highest accessibility in Malaysia. The potential of youth in the financial services sector are seen as particularly attractive.According the study of Thomas et al., (2009) examines the youth market as a greater potential in the financial sector. The reason of the author to research youth market is because of the young people have substantial purchasing agent thus, many banks are tend to seeking young customer and targeting internet banking into their market.Youth is the largest demographic group in many developed countries and is a highly lucrative segment (Josefowicz, 2003 Solomon, 2007). Thwaites and Vere, (1995) research that the basis for a rel ationship upon to success getting young customer at early age to introducing the services.2.3 BENEFIT OF E-BANKINGThe E-banking service such as internet banking is perfectly beneficial to customers because of the savings in costs, transaction time, and space it offers. Its service conducts quick response to complaints and delivery speed of services. Overall, benefits gull easier banking system to customer. (Turban et al. 2000) The appearance of internet has had an important role on the diffusion of electronic banking and it also offers new value to customers (Sara, 2007). As a result, the basic teaching of banking services such as security was the potential benefits from electronic delivery channels by increase confidence of the banking public. Consumer may realize the convenience and flexibility of E-banking in meeting their daily payment needs while the use of cash and cheque to be important. The change in consumer behaviour is reflected in the increasing of electronic transacti on system in our country.The finding of Marivic, (2009) believe that the bank offers e-banking services can recognize the benefits of e-banking as belowA positive effect on banks profitability to launch electronic bankingTo providing of banks distinction electronic business is a direct relation between increases of bank customer needs for banking services.The defend privacy of bank customer and bank by management upon providing banking services through internet.2.4 INFULENCING FACTOR OF E-BANKING ADOPTIONAdoptionThe study of Rogers and Shoemaker (1971), define that consumers who before ready to adopt product or service go through a process of knowledge, persuasion, decision and confirmation. Adoption is the acceptance and continued use of a product or service.FactorSecurityMathew and George (2003) the emerges from the present study is that the general population appears generally satisfied with the technological aspects of the banking industry and that banks in general are concentr ating their efforts on security that customer feel are most important. The perception of respondents in the survey of Mathew and George showed the important feedback by the respondent on perception there are 93 percent of the most important dimension followed by security.The study of Volkan, (2009) define that bank sector now build up a new delivery channel for e-banking services such as internet banking. The internet banking service allow customers as well as mange their transaction application, by access to the application system a set of password is require from customer. Therefore, the necessary to take a note at the security on the run through fraud in electronic banking. The security program is needed provide by the bank to launch the internet banking services. The banks are responsible to assist the customer in protecting their account safety.Jun and Chai, (2001) identified the one of seventeen underlying dimension of e-banking service quality of customers expectation is sec urity. These a critical factor for changing customer behavior is a feeling of security, and the Estonian bank have been successful in delivering user-friendly solution that is secure.According to Marivic, (2009) have determined the new system of internet banking services is require the ease of access and the security from the new generation. In additional research, appropriate security controls of e-banking products can particularly inclined business to benefit. Overall, internet banking it needs securities.Friends and Relatives InfluencesIn an environment in which there has been a reduction in consumer trust of both organizations and advertising, thus word of peach (WOM) offers a way to obtain a customer perceptions or action (Bansal and Voyer, 2000). WOM is a process of personal influence, in which interpersonal communications between a sender and a receiver can change the receivers behavior or attitudes (Merton, 1986). Therefore,Tan and Chua (1986) who carry out a study conducte d in South eastbound Asia found that third party influences, namely family and friends were the most important influences customer adoption bank selection. Gerrard and Barton (2001) determined the one of the factor in their study which is people influencer grouping, the people being Family, Friend. Barry et al. (2002) studies in the factor most important in encouraging and discouraging adoption of telephone and internet banking, the result showed for internet banking manly respondents are more greater emphasis on recommendations from friends and family or from a newspaper.Perceived UsefulnessNima, (2008) define perceived usefulness refer to the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance .To test a theory of the Technology Acceptance ideal (TAM) (Davis, 1989) and examines the factor that influence the adoption and acceptance of the information technology and system of internet in the banking sector particularly for int ernet banking (Sara, 2007). Selecting TAM was based in the beginning on predictive power which is makes the model easy to apply to a different information system device ( Venkatesh and Morris2000 Kleijnen et al, 2004) Thus, TAM provides understandings of the relationship of perceived usefulness(Hanudin Amin,2008 ) ask on the TAM for internet banking by Guriting and Ndubisi, (2006) and the Kleijin et al. (2004) focused on TAM for mobile banking via short message services (SMS). Davis (1989) defined perceived usefulness as theory to which a person believes that using a particular system enhances job performance. Overall, Cheong and Park (2005) found that perceived usefulness may influence the intention of online purchase or mobile internet activity. Therefore, Luarn and Lin (2005), who determined

Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer Essay -- Psychology

Ted Bundy was an American born rapist, a necrophile a serial sea wolf and a kidnapper who assaulted and murdered several young women during the 1970s. The execrable kept on denying the charges for more than ten years and later confessed of having committed the thirty homicide crimes in seven different states before his execution (Rule, 2009). Bundys handsome and charismatic appearance made it possible for him to easily win the confidence of young women who were eer his targets. He broke into the d well upings of his victims at night and bludgeoned them as they slept. He also approached young women in public places where he impersonated as an authority figure or feigned injury on his victim before empowering and assaulting at a more secluded area where he left them dead (Rule, 2009). Upon execution of his criminal acts, Bundy often visited the secondary scene of crime where he performed sexual acts with the decomposing bodies of the victims until destruction by wild an imals or decomposition made further interaction with the bodies impossible. In addition to these criminal acts, Bundy decapitated heads of some of his victims and kept their heads in his residence for a period of time as mementos (Rule, 2009). The cases involving Bundy and his victims are cases of murder, rape, necrophile and kidnapping. These are capital offences that were well planned and executed by the perpetuator who made subsequent follow-ups of his criminal acts by visiting the secondary scene of crime. Description of offenders psychological tarradiddle and functioning at the time of the offence is based on statistical approach which involves the analysis of behavioural and other relevant information found at the scene of crime in order to infer ... ...ical and physical satisfaction from the acts. Understanding of psychological theories helps criminologists to design appropriate correctional strategies to mitigate crime.Works CitedEysenck, H.J., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1989). The causes and cures of criminality. contemporaneous Psychology, 36, 575-577.Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud. London Hogarth.Henry, S., & Charles, M. (1982). Social Learning possibility. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3 (4), 55-62.Rule, A. (Ed). (2009). The Stranger Beside Me. New York Pocket Books.Winfree, T., & Abadinsky, H. (2nd Ed.). (2003). Understanding Crime Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA Wadsworth publishers.Woodhams, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offenders profiling with Commercial Robbery. Psychology, Law & Public Policy, 13 (1), 58-84.

The Painter :: essays research papers

Suddenly, he woke up. He sensed that the train had stopped. Am I in Beijing? John Gwen thought. He looked near and truism Tianjing signs on the pillars in the train station. Looks like this is it. Well I better hop off and glance around. After he hopped off, he saw two security guards hurrying toward him.Uh-oh.Two strong security guards rushed to him and grabbed him. The other one took his exposure. They sent him to the office to confront their chief. The chief was sitting dash off behind a large desk and looked like a kind looking man that was toughened by the world. He had eyes that can look remedy through you.Chief, we caught this thief trying to sneak off the cargo train that just arrived. This is what he stole. Said one of the guards as he handed the painting over to the chief.I suggest coiffureting him in jail for fifteen days and see if he tries to steal again. Said the other guard.Oh no, John thought, if they put me in jail for fifteen days. Ill miss the art convention . I must prove my innocence. No, no, I swear, I didnt steal it Thats my boot out up the first guard ordered.The chief had been silent since the suspect had been brought in. The man looks like a high school student. He is shivering and looks very nervous. Is he shivering because he is afraid of getting caught? Or is he freezing? he thought. Okay, whats your name?JJJohn Gwen. He muttered, ccan I have hot water?Sure. And he poured some hot water for him pretending not to hear the grunt from one of the guards. so he waited as John slowly drank the water.Well, John thought, if I cant prove that the painting is mine, I could get to the convention on cartridge clip but I will also have to pay for sneaking on the train. However, I could pretend to go to the bathroom and escape but I wont be able to take my painting with me. Also, how will I get to Beijing then?Okay, what are you doing here? the chief asked.I was going to go to Beijing but at Shenyang, I fell asleep when I was waiting for the train and somebody stole my tickets and all my silver so I snuck on a cargo train and I thought it was going to Beijing but when I woke up I was in Tianjing and then two guards rushed over and

A Balanced Budget? :: essays research papers fc

A Balanced Budget?     This year president Clinton will submit his proposed legislation for thefederal official Budget to Congress. The fact that we have divided administration (ex.,Democratic President, Republican majority in Congress) means the majority ofthat legislation wont make it through the first ten minutes of a Congressionalsession. The President in turn will veto legislation presented to him byCongress. The whole situation is a vicious, never ending circle. Each side islooking by for their own best interests, and after years, even decades of thisthe United States has a huge budget deficit. Is there a solution to all thismadness? Is it feasible to sense of equilibrium the Federal Budget? Every politician onCapitol Hill claims to have the answer. The Federal Government goes as far toemploy some of the most known economists in the world to try to solve thedeficit mess, and they still havent figured it out.     The budget simulatio n exercise by The Committee for a ResponsibleFederal Budget provided choices Congress has to use as its guide for theupcoming year. How hard can it be to balance the budget I thought? After doingthe exercised I realized the title of the simulation exercise, "The FY 1997Budget An Exercise in Hard Choices," could not have been more appropriate. Itis possible though to balance the Federal Budget, provided you survey 3 simplerules. First you must decide what you feel is big, then cut withoutconsciousness, and if that doesnt work, alter your baseline.Important Choices     When deciding on what I thought was important to protect in the budget,I felt like a politician myself. I protected my own self interests. First up wasDefense. The fact that I am in the Marine Officer Program weighed heavily on mydecision to increase Defense spending by 17.6 billion (all amounts in billions,unless noted), following(a) the Congressional Budget Resolution. The Presidentsplan just didnt provide enough capital, the Congressional BlackCaucus/Progressive Caucus would basically wipe out my occupational group before it evenstarts, and I just can not have that. Next up is Education. Without the directstudent loan program, I would have no way to fund my education other than goingto some bank and going through the demeaning process of begging a loan police officerto lend me money for school. I feel a sense of loyalty to the President on thisissue, because without this program I would still be doing concrete verbalismback home in Indiana. As a result, I voted to increase Educational spending33.4.My other concern or problem area is disposition of Justice.

Roswell :: essays research papers

For fifty years the unexplained air craft wreckage found outside Roswell,New Mexico, has been in the center of on-going speculation about unknown lifeforms and US Government and Military cover-ups. It is my personal beliefthat extraterrestrial bodies are present in this Universe and have landedon earth. on that point is more evidence pointing to the fact that in that respect are strangespresent in the universe as proved in this essay. Retired military officialswill admit to there being extraterrestrials being present on earth. An excellent example of this is what happened in Roswell, New Mexico, in1947. When the US Government and Military first found the wreckage of an strange aircraft they issued a press release stating that they hadcome into possession of an Unidentified Flying Object. The present USGovernment have passed the Roswell incident off as a closed case - theirinvestigations declared the incident to be nothing more than a crashedweather balloon from the top secret Pro ject Mogul and the alien bodiesmerely to be crash test dummies. This essay will argue the point that thereis other life in the Universe and that the crash arrive at Roswell in1947, was an alien space craft and not a weather balloon.Leading up to the Roswell Incident UFOs were spotted all over New Mexicoand the mid-western margin line. On July 1 of 1947, an Unidentified FlyingObject appeared on the radar screens of surrounding airforce bases. Peoplealso saw these objects in the skies that night and the next. On July 4 -Independence Day - radar screens showed an object pulsate then explode.Some archaeologists in the area were watching the sky and saw the aerial viewing as did a large number of the people living in the town. Thearchaeologists set out the next morning to look for the wreckage they sawfall to country after the explosion. They reached the crash site about 10amand found wreckage scattered over a site three quarters of a mile long anddeuce to three hundred feet wide. The archaeology team alerted authoritiesthen peered into the rubble to find the bodies of five aliens (the numberof aliens is debatable), four of them already dead but champion still alive witha severe wound to the thigh. The witnesses are sure they saw aliens in thespace ship, not crash dummies, and the wreckage was too advanced to behuman technology. A number of witnesses who saw the crash site before theUS Government intervened were interviewed and all gave comprehensivedescriptions of the aliens and their flying craft.

E.E CUMMINGS :: essays research papers

     EDWARD ESTLIN e. e. cummings ("Estlin") is born October 14 in family residence 104 Irving passageway, Cambridge, Mass., the son of EDWARD and REBECCA CLARKE CUMMINGS. His energetic, versatile, and highly articulate father teaches sociology and policy-making science at Harvard in the 1890s and in 1900 is ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, Unitarian, in Boston. The Irving Street household will include at dissimilar times Grandm new(prenominal) Cummings, MISS JANE CUMMINGS ("Aunt Jane"), EECs maternal uncle, GEORGE CLARKE, and younger sister ELIZABETH ("Elos"), who eventually marries Carlton Qualey. EEC attends Cambridge public schools, vacations in Maine and at the family summer home, rejoicing Farm, in Silver Lake, N.H. "Ever since I can remember Ive written & angstrom unit painted or made drawings." 1911      Enters Harvard College, specializing in Greek and other languages He contri butes poems to Harvard periodicals, is exposed to the work of EZRA POUND and other modernist writers and painters, and forms lasting friendships with JOHN DOS PASSOS ("Dos"), R. STEWART MITCHELL ("The Great Awk"), EDWARD NAGLE (stepson of the sculptor Gaston Lachaise), SCOFIELD THAYER ("Sco"), JAMES SIBLEY WATSON ("Sib"), S. FOSTER DAMON, GILBERT SELDES, M. R. WERNER ("Morrie"), JOSEPH FERDINAND GOULD ("Joe"), ROBERT HILLYER. 1915      Graduates magna source laude delivers commencement address on "The advanced Art." 1916      Receives MA from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 1917      In New York. Lives at 21 East 15th Street with the painter ARTHUR WILSON ("Tex"). Works for P. F. Collier & Son. In April joins Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. Sails for France on La Touraine, meeting on board another Harjes-Norton recruit, WILLIAM SLATER BROWN, w ho will remain his lifelong friend. After several weeks in genus Paris EEC and Brown are assigned to ambulance duty on Noyon sector. Browns letters home arouse suspicions of French army censor. On September 21, he is arrested unneurotic with Cummings, who refuses to dissociate himself from his friend. Both are sent to the concentration camp at La Ferte Mace, where they submit to further interrogation. interest strenuous efforts on his fathers part, EEC is released celestial latitude 19. Eight Harvard Poets published, with EEC among contributors. 1918      Arrives in New York from France January 1. Moves with W. Slater Brown to 11 Christopher Street. Drafted during summer stationed at Camp Devens until his passing following Armistice. Moves with Brown to 9 westmost 14th Street, New York. Meets Elaine Orr, whom he will later marry and who is the mother of his only child, Nancy ("Mopsy"), now Mrs.E.E CUMMINGS essays explore papers    &nb sp EDWARD ESTLIN CUMMINGS ("Estlin") is born October 14 in family residence 104 Irving Street, Cambridge, Mass., the son of EDWARD and REBECCA CLARKE CUMMINGS. His energetic, versatile, and highly articulate father teaches sociology and political science at Harvard in the 1890s and in 1900 is ordained minister of the South Congregational Church, Unitarian, in Boston. The Irving Street household will include at various times Grandmother Cummings, MISS JANE CUMMINGS ("Aunt Jane"), EECs maternal uncle, GEORGE CLARKE, and younger sister ELIZABETH ("Elos"), who eventually marries Carlton Qualey. EEC attends Cambridge public schools, vacations in Maine and at the family summer home, Joy Farm, in Silver Lake, N.H. "Ever since I can remember Ive written & painted or made drawings." 1911      Enters Harvard College, specializing in Greek and other languages He contributes poems to Harvard periodicals, is exposed to the work of EZRA P OUND and other modernist writers and painters, and forms lasting friendships with JOHN DOS PASSOS ("Dos"), R. STEWART MITCHELL ("The Great Awk"), EDWARD NAGLE (stepson of the sculptor Gaston Lachaise), SCOFIELD THAYER ("Sco"), JAMES SIBLEY WATSON ("Sib"), S. FOSTER DAMON, GILBERT SELDES, M. R. WERNER ("Morrie"), JOSEPH FERDINAND GOULD ("Joe"), ROBERT HILLYER. 1915      Graduates magna cum laude delivers commencement address on "The New Art." 1916      Receives MA from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 1917      In New York. Lives at 21 East 15th Street with the painter ARTHUR WILSON ("Tex"). Works for P. F. Collier & Son. In April joins Norton-Haries Ambulance Corps. Sails for France on La Touraine, meeting on board another Harjes-Norton recruit, WILLIAM SLATER BROWN, who will remain his lifelong friend. After several weeks in Paris EEC and Brown are assigned to ambulance duty on Noyon sector. Browns letters home arouse suspicions of French army censor. On September 21, he is arrested together with Cummings, who refuses to dissociate himself from his friend. Both are sent to the concentration camp at La Ferte Mace, where they submit to further interrogation. Following strenuous efforts on his fathers part, EEC is released December 19. Eight Harvard Poets published, with EEC among contributors. 1918      Arrives in New York from France January 1. Moves with W. Slater Brown to 11 Christopher Street. Drafted during summer stationed at Camp Devens until his discharge following Armistice. Moves with Brown to 9 West 14th Street, New York. Meets Elaine Orr, whom he will later marry and who is the mother of his only child, Nancy ("Mopsy"), now Mrs.