Advantages of Human Genetic Engineering Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Human Genetic plan EssayGenetic engineer in its present form has been around for approximately twenty tailfin years. The dictionary defines human transmittable engineering science science as the alteration of an individuals genotype with the aim of choosing the phenotype of a neonate or changing the existing phenotype of a child or adult. There be many kindly consequences that are associated with genetic engineering which has ca utilise much debate from its beginning in 1970s. The benefits of human genetic engineering are endless, the most predominant advantages include curing genetic diseases, increasing human immunity, and the harvest-tideion of more than than effective pharmaceuticals. The most promising benefit of human genetic engineering is gene therapy. Gene therapy is the medical exam insurement of a disease by repairing or replacing defective genes or introducing therapeutic genes to bit the disease. Over the past ten years, certain auto tol erant diseases diseases resulting from a disordered resistant system chemical reaction and heart disease have been handle with gene therapy.Many diseases, such as Huntingtons disease, Lou Gehrigs disease, or. ALS, and cystic fibrosis are caused by a defective gene. The hope is that soon, through genetic engineering, a cure can be found for these diseases by either inaugurateing a corrected gene, modifying the defective gene, or even performing genetic surgery. Eventually the hope is to completely go through certain genetic diseases as well as do by non-genetic diseases with an appropriate gene therapy.Gene therapy researchers are also studying ways to improve a patients immune response to cancer. In this approach, the treatment is used to stimulate the bodys natural ability to attack cancer cells. In one method, researchers take a small argumentation sample from a patient and insert genes that leave alone cause each cell to produce a protein called a T-cell receptor, or TCR, which is responsible for recognizing antigens and disease fight antibodies. The genes are transferred into the patients white blood cells and are then given back to the patient. In the body the TCRs then recognize and attach to certain molecules found on the surface of the tumor cells.Finally, the TCRs activate the white blood cells to attack and kill the tumor cells. Scientists are also investigating the insertion of genes into cancer cells to make them more sensitive to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. In other studies, researchers remove healthy blood-forming stem cells from the body, insert a gene that makes these cells more resistant to the side effects of high doses of anticancer drugs, and then stack away the cells back into the patient.Human genetic engineering can also be used as a disease preventative by increasing ones immunity. People infected with a serious illness may not show symptoms of the disease for long periods of time. These latent, or inactive, infections can develop into an active disease without inform and also can be passed on to others. This new approach focuses on controlling or stimulate the immune system to cure latent infections and prevent them from causing disease. This research in immunity has the electric potential to significantly reduce illness, death, and disease transmission.An example of this preventative employment is the improvement in the treatment of HIV. The aid/HIV disease is a viral infection that destroys immune responses. The disease can be treated with drugs, however these drugs do not eliminate the virus from the body. Currently a patient must confront on these drugs for the remainder of their life. The purpose of genetic engineerings pre-clinical studies is to advance towards clinical trials with a cell-based method of enhancing the patients own immune response against the virus. This approach involves identifying anti-HIV receptors that will be introduced into the patients own blood-forming stem cells. This approach has the potential to provide long-run immune control of virus replication, and may require only one or a hardly a(prenominal) administrations.Another benefit from the study of human gene altering is with the creation of new drugs. Pharmaceutical advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to use plants as factories for protein production. Plant-made pharmaceuticals are made by inserting a segment of DNA that encodes the protein of choice into plant cells. The plants or plant cells are essentially factories used to produce the desired proteins and are only grown for the purpose of human pharmaceuticals.An example of this pharmaceutical application is gene splicing, one of the earliest uses of genetic engineering. Gene splicing was first used to manufacture astronomical amounts of insulin, which was made using cells of E. coli bacteria. Interferon, which is used to eliminate certain viruses and kill cancer cells, is also a product o f genetic engineering. Another byproduct is a type of human growth hormone its used to treat dwarfism and is produced through genetically engineered bacteria and yeasts. Today, research in the field of human genetic engineering continues to be used in the production of a variety of drugs and hormones for medical advantages.Human genetic engineering the application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that allow manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the heritable traits is a topic that had been debated about for many years. The field of human genetic engineering is growing and changing at a tremendous pace. Future advance in genetic engineering could possibly eliminate diseases, deformities, prolong life, and overall improve human life.

Active Directory Benefits Essay Example for Free

Active Directory Benefits EssayActive Directory is Microsofts trademarked directory service, an integral part of the Windows 2000 architecture. Like new(prenominal) directory services, such as Novell Directory serve (NDS), Active Directory is a modify and standardized system that automates vane direction of substance abuser data, security, and distributed resources, and enables interoperation with other(a) directories. Active Directory is designed especially for distributed networking environments.A better representation of the network centralisation sums up my primary reason for implementing Active Directory. The Active Directory structure makes it possible for you to achieve truly centralized management of users, regardless of how big your clients network has become. If youve worked with Windows NT before, you know that in Windows NT a theater is a completely independent entity. While its possible to create a trust relationship among domains that exist on a common netw ork, the domains atomic number 18 never truly integrated with each other because there is no higher authority that manages the domains.ForestsActive Directory uses domains, but rather than each domain remain independent, you can place multiple domains in an AD forest. This brings the entire network under the control of a single domain that oversees the others. AD allows an executive of a forest to administer multiple domains, reducing constitute and complexity while providing greater security. This also can help to reduce the number of domain ascendance servers in the organization.User ManagementActive Directory forest architecture allows communication between domains and facilitates centralized user management. The users in one domain are known to the forest domain controller, improving the flexibility of user credential management. This allows much more flexibility for employees who must travel from site to site, each with its own domain. An employee in Domain A that travels t o Domain B can just log in with his normal credentials and gain access to his network resources.Organizational UnitsThe Active Directory structure includes support for organizational units (OU) that represent trading units within the organization. AD allows an administrator to delegate some amount of authority for administering organization units. For example, an AD administrator can delegate the authority to reset passwords to the administrative assistant in the Sales department OU. This relieves the network administrator and the help desk of spending time on routine tasks.Rights ManagementAD provides Rights Management Services to protect files and other resources from unauthorized access. Administrators grant file access and control rights for authorized users and unauthorized users are prevented from accessing those files. This is an essential feature for organizations that require higher levels of security

Mexican Drug Cartels Essay Example for Free

Mexican Drug agreements EssaySeveral drug cartels are involved, such as Sinaloa Cartel, Gulf Cartel, Juarez Cartel, Knights Templar Cartel, Tijuana Cartel, La Familia Cartel (disbanded), Los Zetas, Beltran-Leyva Cartel (disbanded), Jalisco New Generation Cartel, Independent Cartel of Acapulco, La Barredora. You could see them all as the naughtily guys. On the other team are the Mexican forces, consisting of the Army, Navy, Air force, the Federal police and other Mexican forces What are the sources of the contravene? What is it about? The main source of the conflict is major power. All of the cartels wanted more power and money and they started fighting each other because of this. Another major cause of the conflict are the drug trafficking routes used by different cartels, the cartels want more power over each others routes. Relationships between/among conflicting parties? They were once all together in one massive cartel. But because of the finality of the leader of the ca rtel the mother-cartel split up in many smaller cartels (See Dimension 1). What is the history of the conflict?The birth of all Mexican drug cartels is traced to former Mexican Judicial Federal Police operator Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo (The Godfather), who founded the Guadalajara Cartel in 1980 and controlled all illegal drug plenty in Mexico and the trafficking corridors across the Mexico-USA abut throughout the 1980s. He started off by smuggling marijuana and opium into the U. S. A. , and was the first Mexican drug foreland to link up with Colombias cocaine cartels in the 1980s. Through his connections, Felix Gallardo became the point man for the Medellin cartel, which was run by Pablo Escobar.This was advantageously accomplished because Felix Gallardo had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. There were no cartels at that condemnation in Mexico. Felix Gallardo was the lord of Mexican drug smugglers. He oversaw all operations there was just him, his cronies, and the politicians who sell him protection. 59 However, the Guadalajara Cartel suffered a major blow in 1985 when the groups co-founder Rafael Caro Quintero was captured, and later convicted, for the murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena. 6061 Felix Gallardo afterwards unbroken a low profile and in 1987 he moved with his family to Guadalajara.According to Peter Dale Scott, the Guadalajara Cartel prospered generally because it enjoyed the protection of the Direccion Federal de Seguridad (DFS), under its chief Miguel Nazar Haro, a CIA asset. The Godfather then decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down in one law enforcement swoop. 63 In a way, he was privatizing the Mexican drug business while direct it back underground, to be run by bosses who were less well known or not so far known by the DEA. Gallardo convened the nations top drug traffickers at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the plazas or territories. The process how do we choose to fuck with the conflict? We do not personally deal with this conflict. However, the US army helps the Mexican government at some points, since most of the drugs comes in via Mexico.

The Validity of Recovered Memories Essay Example for Free

The Validity of cured Memories EssayThe sudden convalescence of reduce memories from a traumatic event much(prenominal) as childhood cozy abuse thunder mug be both validating and confusing for invitees that argon seeking help with various problems. These new memories magnate be able to help lymph gland identify the cause of their feelings and issues that are affecting their life. However for opposites it give the bounce be a very difficult period because of the conflicting emotions about the abuser. Worst of all when transaction with the recovery of keep down memories they may be all together stupid. The accuracy of recovered memories in regards to sexual abuse is low and passel come with signifi solelytockst consequences. These false memories bay window be very pernicious to the client as well as anyone falsely acc utilise of sexual abuse. In the late 19th century Sigmund Freud began using the term repression to explain how memories of a traumatic event mess be trackless for a period of time and so return at a later date sometimes suddenly tour during other times slowly developing over a period of time into a more clear entrepot.It was believed that pent-up memories or motivated forgetting was a defense mechanism for sight who needed to protect themself from the harmful and painful memories of a traumatic experience (Boag, 2006). More recently repressed memories cosmos recovered about childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has caused more studies to be conducted to determine if the memories being recovered are valid or if false memories are be produced due to the fact that human being memories are vulnerable to distortion, that illusory memories after part be created and therapies designed to recover memories of repressed abuse may inadvertently foster false memories of trauma (Clancy, Schacter, McNally, Pitman, 2000, p. 26)Some therapist believes that memories that declare been repressed can be successfully recovered with therapy and that these memories accurately portray the past events to the extent that wakeless action can be taken. Some states befool even ratified laws to accommodate the recovery of repressed memories so that believed offender of CSA can be prosecuted once the client has recovered their memory of the traumatic event (Partlett Nurcombe, 1998). These memories can be recovered using various therapies such as hypnosis, dream interpretation, guided imagery and truth serum. Many of the therapies used for recovering repressed memories include having the clientin a relaxed state so that the memories can then be recalled more effectively. However a fallacy can occur when seek to help a client recover a repressed memory. If a therapist explains how a type of therapy such as hypnosis is helpful in recovering memories of CSA the client may then record such instances of abuse alone because they believe the therapy works, so it does.***As with any type of memory recovered memories are also field o f honor to corruption and can vary from partially authoritative to completely false. recover memories can be a fabrication of events and details that never actually took place. Because of these false memories being about such extreme tuition such as CSA an organization called False Memory Foundation was created in 1992 to help those who thrust been criminate of such acts. The foundation willing help the accused get in touch with attorneys that specialize in cases regarding repressed and recovered memories (Lein, 1999). For example a womens recovered memory of being forced to tope blood as a child was later discovered to be nothing more than her beverage from a communion cup as a child. The wine she drank was explained to her as the blood of Christ when sack to church and as a child thought the wine to be of real blood.This caused what appeared to be a traumatic memory but turned out to be a memory that was explained easily and while the memory was true the actual act of dri nking blood was not (Pope Brown, 1996). At times the memories that are recovered are later found to be true with evidence from an outside source such as collaboration from another family member that was present at the time of the abuse or sustenance such as diarys kept by the abuser. Currently there is not a clear black and white understanding of recovered memories so theses type of therapies will continued to be practiced but should be done so cautiously. Not all memories recovered are false making it difficult for some to decide how they feel about the issue of repressed and recovered memories.I believe that memories can be forgotten and later recalled with prompting from exposure to an outside stimulus that brings the memory to the surface again. However because of the image of ways a memory can be corrupted I am forced to doubt the validity of recovered memories. Without substantiated proof that a memory that has been recovered is true I feel it would be unjust to presume tha t memory is truly factual, especially when accusationof CSA can be so traumatic for not only the client but for their family as well. In most cases clients accuse their fathers of the assault which result in disruption of the family and for some court cases (Groman, 2008).The practice of therapist trying to help clients recover repressed memories can become wrong extremely quickly depending on how the therapy progresses. Therapists have been sued and found guilty of implanting false memories (Stocks, 1998). It is important the therapist use open ended questions that allow the client to proceed with the sessions as they see fit rather than using suggestive or leading questions (Holmes, 2006). Clients can be asked if they had any experiences in childhood that they found sexually inappropriate, uncomfortable, or frightening (Pope Brown, 1996, p. 158). However making known a client that their symptoms present in a way that the therapist believes the client has been a victim of CSA i s a leading statement and can begin an unethical path to false recovered memories. association in survival groups can also cause these false memories of CSA. These memories appear to be real to the client however groups can cause conformity and may be causing false memories in the absence of any real CSA memories to be recovered(Stocks, 1998).Asch (1956) also demonstrated how groups can cause conformity to the point that members will make reports that are inconsistent with observable facts. Also with the therapist being in a topographic point of authority clients can feel the desire to please their therapist and will push them self to remember the tragic memory believed to be repressed in order to satisfy the therapist. Having a therapist in anyway push or persuade a client in to believing that they have repressed memories of CSA or any other repressed memory that needs to be recovered is extremely unethical due to the highly damaging effects this can have on the clients life. Be cause of these and other ethical concerns some organizations have decided to create a code of ethics in regards to repressed and recovered memories. This code of ethics gives therapist a place to seek help when ethical dilemmas arise. full-grown therapist a variety of choices and steps they can take if presented with such a case (Pettifor, Crozier, Chew, 2001). plot of land it is important for tribe who have either actually repressed a memory of CSA or have been afraid to come forward before that point to have the ability to peruse their offender in court it is also important to rememberthe consequences of false memories. When a client recovers a false memory of CSA not only will the client have to deal with the emotions that come with that false memory but they can also become cut off from their family. For some the false memory has become so over whelming that they begin to hurt themselves with suicidal thoughts, self-mutilation, sleep disorders, and nightmares in an attempt to handle the information they have recovered and perceive as true.These symptoms appear to lessen after terminating therapy (Stocks, 1998) Along with the client the accused mortal must also deal with ramifications of the false memories. The accused can be taken to court and vagabond in jail if found guilty. Because of the lack of imperial data supporting that a significant number of recovered memories are indeed factual I find myself unable to support a therapy that can be so damaging to everyone involved from the client, to therapist and the family of both the client and the therapist. If false memories are produced and legal action is taken against the presumed abuser or the therapist for implanting false memories regardless if it was done purposefully it can cause damaging consequences for all parties involved.ReferencesAsch, S. E. (t956). Studies of independence and conformity 1. A minority of one against a whole majority. Psychological Monographs, 70(9), 1-70. Boag, S. (2006) . Freudian repression, the common view, and pathological science. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 74-86. Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., McNally, R. J., Pitman, R. K. (2000). False recognition in women inform recovered memories of sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 11(1), 26-31. Gorman, G. (2008). The recovered memory controversyA new perspective. European daybook of Clinical Hypnosis, 8(1), 22-31. Holmes, L. (May 06, 2006). The debate over recovered memories In About.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012, from http//mentalhealth.about.com/cs/dissociative/a/dabaterec.htm. Lein, J. (1999). Recovered memories context and controversy. Social Work, 44(5), 481-484. Partlett, D.F., Nurcombe, B. (1998). Recovered memories of child sexual abuse and liability Society, Science, and the law in a comparative setting. Psychology, Publice Policy, and Law, 4(4), 1253-1306. Pettifor, J., Crozier, S., Chew, J. (2001). Recovered memories Ethical Guidelines to Support Professionals. Journal of c hild Sexual abuse, 10(2), 1. Pope, K. S., Brown, L. S. (1996). Clinical work with people who report recovered memories. In Recovered memories of abuse Assessment, therapy, forensics (pp. 145-205). Washington, DC US American Psychological Association. Stocks, J.T. (1998). Recovered memory therapy A dubious practice technique. Social Work, 43(5), 423-436.

Circadian Rhythms Essay Example for Free

Circadian Rhythms Essay1. notice how circadian metres ar associated with stay want. 2. Explain the results of the stop deprivation assessment. 3. Do you agree, or disagree, with the results. Why, or why not? 4. If you be cat ease deprived, what steps could you take to get more or better fiber of sleep? Alternatively, if you atomic number 18 not sleep deprived, what techniques wholeow you to get quality sleep closely nights of the week?Circadian rhythms Their role and dysfunction in affectional disorder Press conference on the antecedent of the 23rd ECNP Congress 2010, Amsterdam All humans be synchronised to the rhythmic light-dark changes that go on on a daily basis. Rhythms in physiological and biochemical processes and behavioural patterns persist in the absence of every external 24-hour signals from the physical environment, with a period that is close to 24 hours. These rhythms atomic number 18 referred to as circadian, from the Latin circa diem (about a day), and are attributable to internal biological measures, driven by a major(ip) circadian pace give wayr in the promontory. The circadian pacemaker is entrained each day to the 24-hour solar cycle, which is the major zeitgeber (literally clock sequence-giver). Other zeitgebers are food intake, activity, or social cues, e.g. the alarm clock. Good temporal entrainment allows for optimal transaction at the right time of the day, because being able to anticipate future tasks allows the appropriate physiological and mental preparation. However, our modern society often imposes deviations from the regular work-rest-scheme, as in disruption work, which results in problems with entrainment.Failure to hold to environmental and societal time cues leads to misalignment of internal biological clocks. This dysentrainment comes with enhanced risk of errors and accidents, loss of productivity, and health risks much(prenominal)(prenominal) as increased propensity for pukecer, first gear, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, decreased immune responses and raze biography span. Hence, people with circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work often develop glucose intolerance, diabetes and hypertension, and possibly bunscer. The recent disc all overy of the core molecular circadian clock machinery has dramatically increased following in the impact of circadian dysregulation on mental and physical health. Molecular basis of circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms are directed by a master biological clock in a specific wit structure of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Apart from the SCN, the body has circadian oscillators in all brain regions and peripheral tissues, for example the liver-colored (Schulz Steimer, 2009, Bechtold et al., 2010). The SCN is synchronised daily by environmental signals mainly light (Wirz-Justice, 2006). Receiving information on lighting conditions instantly from the r etina, the SCN drives secretion of the pineal gland horm unrivaled melatonin as considerably as and numerous peripheral clocks, and their outputs regularise the SCN through feedback or feed-forward effect. Thus, in the body on that point is a hierarchy of interacting clocks (Schulz, 2007). In all cells, the expression of many genes changes rhythmically over 24 hours. Specific circadian genes such as CLOCK, BMAL1, and PER are responsible for the main SCN clockworking machinery as well as subsidiary clocks in proterozoic(a) move of the body. In mice with mutations in time-keeping genes, deviant circadian sleep- arouse and other rhythms cigaret be observed. In accession, new interest in the role of circadian dysregulation in psychiatric disorders has arisen from the finding that a mutation in a core circadian clock gene urinates hyperactivity, decreased sleep, and madness-like behaviour in mice (Turek, 2008).Animal studies were the key development that brought the field t o its present exciting position, because their findings suggested that clock genes are directing the circadian rhythms in all physiological processes. Circadian disturbances clinical impact on affective disorders In healthy individuals, physiological and biochemical variables such as body temperature, cortisol and melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), noradrenaline and serotonin exhibit a circadian rhythm. However, in patients with affective disorders, many of these circadian rhythms are harebrained in build and amplitude (Schulz Steimer, 2009 McClung, 2007). For instance, women with depression have a biger degree of variability in the clock of physiological and endocrine gland rhythms. Dysregulation of circadian rhythms and sleep disturbances are also core elements of bipolar disorder, and might be involved in its pathogenesis (Dallaspezia Benedetti, 2009). Clinicians have learned the enormous importance of synchronising agents (zeitgebers) to entrain rhythms in pati ents with conceit disorders, and how useful they are as novel interferences (e.g. light, melatonin). With regard to major depressive disorder, almost all patients present with sleepdisturbances and altered circadian rhythms including hormonal secretion, cardiac function, and body temperature. tranquillity disruption is a major symptom in depression, with over 90% of patients showing sleep complaints that affect daytime functioning (Thase, 1999). Insomnia often appears before the onset of mood disorder symptoms and whitethorn persist into clinical remission sleep disturbances are known to be a frequent residuary symptom of depression, and the presence of insomnia marks an increased risk of recidivate or recurrence. quiescence difficulties often are the key factor that causes depressed patients to seek medical second, and relief of sleep disturbances is essential to encourage compliance with antidepressant medication. Associated with chronic depression, sleep disturbance can h ave as great an impact on health-related quality of life as the mental illness itself (Katz McHorney, 2002). It is well known that changes in clinical state are accompanied by shifts in timing of the sleep- light up cycle. The switch out of depression is often associated with a spontaneous sleep deprivation. Conversely, a prescribed sleep deprivation can promptly show antidepressive activity. Even more strikingly, a phase advance of sleep timing can make water longer-lasting antidepressant effects, suggesting an intimate functional relationship between sleep, its timing, and the depressive state. In healthy individuals and in patients with affective disorders, there is a close link between circadian rhythms, the stability of mood, and sleep regulation.How to reset the human biological clock in affective disorders In clinical practice, sleep disturbances in depression generally can be improved with effective antidepressant medication. However, commonly used modern antidepressants may be sleep-disturbing, specially early in treatment, often to the extent that a sedative or hypnotic compound has to be prescribed coincidencely (Mayers Baldwin, 2005). The search for novel antidepressants has focused primarily on drug development, with the role of psychotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy to help depressive patients being well accepted. Surprisingly though, clinical application of chronobiological research, so called chrono healing(p)s, appears not to capable into any conventional category, and is mostly neglected as putative treatment. ChronotherapeuticsChronotherapeutics is defined as controlled exposure to environmental stimulithat act on biological rhythms (e.g. light) or direct manipulations of sleep in order to achieve therapeutic effects in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. 1 major aim of chronotherapeutics is to synchronise impaired circadian rhythms. Today the range of chronotherapeutic indications not only comprises affective disorders such as major depression (seasonal and non-seasonal), bipolar disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder and depression during pregnancy, but also bulimia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dementia, Parkinsons disease, and shift work and course- gaol disturbances (Wirz-Justice et al., 2009). Chronotherapeutic elements include light therapy, dark therapy or blue-blocking sunglasses, wake therapy (total or partial sleep deprivation in the second half of the night), phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle, and exogenously administered melatonin. Light therapy as a zeitgeber has been used to resynchronise disturbed sleep schedules back to a more normal pattern. Light is also an effective antidepressant, acting on many of the same neurotransmitter systems and brain structures as antidepressant drugs. What is fascinating about light therapy is that it is the first treatment in psychiatry that developed directly out of basic neurobiology research related to season al hibernation and bringing up in rodents.Light therapy is effective for all stems of major depression not only for the seasonal subtype (SAD), for which it is well recognized as the treatment of choice. As an adjuvant to antidepressants in unipolar depressive patients, or lithium in bipolar patients, morning light hastens and potentiates the antidepressant response. Light therapy shows benefit even for patients with chronic depression of 2 years or more, and provides a viable alternative for patients who refuse, resist or cannot tolerate medication, or for whom drugs may be contraindicated, as in antepartum depression (Wirz-Justice et al., 2005). In extension, light therapy has been successfully used in other psychiatric or neurological illnesses, including bulimia nervosa and Alzheimers disease. Dark therapy has yielded positive results to control symptoms in acute mania and to calm rapid-cycling bipolar patients in the manic phase a group with one of the higher(prenominal)e st suicide rates among the mentally ill. By keeping patients in the dark and extending rest-sleep for periods of 10 to 14 hours, the mania episode could be ended.Dark therapy is theoretically interesting for its rapid effects, but is not verypractical. One alternative at present being investigated is the use of blue-blocking sunglasses. Blue is the wavelength to which the circadian system is particularly sensitive, olibanum by blocking this range in the light spectrum we can induce circadian darkness turn not impairing the patients vision. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland only at night, and is suppressed by light. Cued by darkness, melatonin is especially important for the onset of sleep, but is also involved in many other systems cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and metabolic. If rhythms are out of sync, as in depression, then melatonin rhythms also occur at the wrong time thus accentuating the sleep disturbance. Exogenously administered, melatonin acts as a zeitgeber to synchronise circadian rhythms. In addition, its thermoregulatory action is important to induce a rapid onset of sleep, though it is not a sedative agent per se. Wake therapy (a exclusive nights sleep deprivation) is the most rapid antidepressant available today approximately 60% of patients, independent of symptomatic subtype, respond with marked improvement within hours.A single nights sleep deprivation induces similar brain changes as many weeks of antidepressant drugs (Benedetti and Smeraldi, 2009). Relapse after recovery sleep can be prevented by daily light therapy, concomitant administration of antidepressants (SSRIs), lithium (for bipolar patients), or a short phase advance of sleep over 3 days. Combinations of these interventions show great promise (Wirz-Justice et al., 2005, 2009). Despite the growing severalise for the efficacy of the available chronotherapeutic methods, it is surprising how limited the use of these treatments still is. Given the rapid acti on of chronotherapeutics, lose of side effects, and easy crew possibilities, how can sleep physicians and psychiatrists be educated about their use? perchance it is the patients that need to be educated, who are much more interested in non-pharmaceutic approaches? Obviously, treatments that are not patentable do not make profits for industry, thus denying the commercial marketing model used for drugs. Because they do not go through official clinical trial registration at federal regulatory agencies, chronotherapeutic treatments are not on the list for insurance reimbursement. On account of their simplicity, chronotherapeutics contrast with high-tech medicine, and for this reason are often not taken seriously. Clinical implicationsIn clinical practice there is still quite a widespread ignorance about circadian sleep disturbances and chronotherapeutics in spite of the significant take the stand base. How can wider diffusion of chronotherapeutics be achieved? First, enterprising doctors should try them out. Only with first-hand experience does the reality of efficacy and response emerge. Second, the techniques should be taught in medical school and during residency since it is the younger generation that is most open to change and use of telling alternatives to medication. The nonprofit, multilingual patients website www.cet.org and clinicians website www.chronotherapeutics.org of the Center for Environmental Therapeutics (CET) illustrate some first attempts to meet this Phase 3 educational challenge. Third, through its societies, the field of chronotherapeutics needs to advocate recognition for reimbursement. In the treatment of affective disorders, chronotherapeutics offer a new synthesis of non-pharmacologic interventions designed to accelerate remission in patients with depression and bipolar disorder. Combining chronotherapeutics with concomitant or follow-up medication shows great promise. Given the urgent need for new strategies to treat patients w ith residual depressive symptoms, clinical trials of wake therapy and/or adjuvant light therapy, coupled with follow-up studies of long-term recurrence, are of high priority. ConclusionCircadian dysfunction can have drastic consequences on brain functions. Increasing evidence suggests that disrupted temporal organisation impairs behaviour, cognition, and affect (Benca et al., 2009). Disruption of circadian clock genes impairs sleep-wake cycle and behavioural rhythms, which may be implicated in mental disorders. Several different psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), schizophrenia, and borderline-related disorders are commonly associated with abnormalities in circadian rhythms. In particular, biological clocks play a major role in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Synchronising impaired circadian rhythms, improving sleep, or paradoxically staying awake most of the night can be extremely helpful to treat patients wi th depression and bipolar disorder.Chronotherapeutic combinations of light and wake therapy achieve fast results and, by reducingresidual symptoms, also minimise relapse over many months. In addition, chronotherapeutics seem to be a major facilitator of drug response, and, in combination with antidepressants, a promising method to stabilise patients over the long term. Researchers are working on extending our fellowship concerning pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical ways to alter circadian rhythms. Recent discoveries of molecular clocks responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms provide novel insights into temporal disruption, offering new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of affective disorders. Sleep commence and Your Body Clock* Sleep TopicsMost people notice that they naturally experience different levels of drowsiness and mirthfulness throughout the day, but what causes these patterns? Sleep is regulated by two body systems sleep/wake homeostasis and the circa dian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of time, sleep/wake homeostasis tells us that a need for sleep is accumulating and that it is time to sleep. It also helps us maintain enough sleep throughout the night to make up for the hours of being awake. If this restorative process existed alone, it would mean that we would be most alert as our day was starting out, and that the longer we were awake, the more we would feel like quiescency. In this way, sleep/wake homeostasis creates a drive that balances sleep and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological clocks, on the other hand, regulate the timing of periods of somnolence and wakefulness throughout the day. The circadian rhythm dips and rises at different times of the day, so adults strongest sleep drive generally occurs between 200-400 am and in the afternoon between 100-300 pm, although there is some variation depending on whether you are a morning person or evening person.The sleepiness we experienc e during these circadian dips will be less fervent if we have had sufficient sleep, and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The circadian rhythm also causes us to feel more alert at certain points of the day, even if we have been awake for hours and our sleep/wake restorative process would otherwise make us feel more sleepy. Changes to this circadian rhythm occur during adolescence, when most teens experience a sleep phase delay. This shift in teens circadian rhythm causes them to naturally feel alert later at night, makingit difficult for them to fall asleep before 1100 pm. Since most teens wake up early for school and other commitments, this sleep phase delay can make it difficult to get the sleep teens need an average of 9 1/4 hours, but at least 8 1/2 hours. This sleep deprivation can influence the circadian rhythm for teens the strongest circadian dips tend to occur between 300-700 am and 200-500 pm, but the morning dip (300-700 am) can be even longer if teens havent had enough sleep, and can even last until 900 or 1000 am.The circadian biological clock is controlled by a part of the brain called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), a group of cells in the hypothalamus that respond to light and dark signals. From the optic nerve of the eye, light travels to the SCN, signaling the internal clock that it is time to be awake. The SCN signals to other parts of the brain that control hormones, body temperature and other functions that play a role in making us feel sleepy or awake. In the mornings, with exposure to light, the SCN sends signals to overturn body temperature and produce hormones like cortisol. The SCN also responds to light by delaying the release of other hormones like melatonin, which is associated with sleep onset and is produced when the eyes signal to the SCN that it is dark. Melatonin levels rise in the evening and stay elevated throughout the night, promoting sleep. In teenagers, research has shown that melatonin levels in the blood n aturally rise later at night than in most children and adults.Since teens may have difficulty going to bed early to get enough sleep, it can help to keep the lights dim at night as bedtime approaches. It can also help to get into smart light as soon as possible in the morning. Circadian disruptions such as jet lag put us in conflict with our natural sleep patterns, since the shift in time and light cues on the brain forces the body to alter its normal pattern to adjust. This is why jet lag can leave travelers feeling poorly and having more difficulty thinking and performing well. But these symptoms can also occur in everyday life, when the circadian rhythm is disrupted by keeping long and irregular hours. Because of this, it is important to keep a regular sleep schedule and allow plenty of time for quality sleep, allowing these two vital biological components the sleep/wake restorative process and the circadian rhythm to help us perform at our best. ReferencesCircadian rhythms The ir role and dysfunction in affective disorder. (10,April 30). Retrieved from http//www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-08/econ-crt082610.php Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock National Sleep Foundation Information on Sleep health and Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/sleep-drive-and-your-body-clock Good sleeping habits begin with a regular bedtime minute. If you thought that was just for kids, its time to regard the importance of pre-sleep rituals in your life. A relaxing bedtime routine helps to prepare your brain and body for bed and promotes slumberous sleep. If you try to jump straight from the swirling thoughts and frantic activity of your everyday life into a deep sleep, chances are youll be unsuccessful. Thats because your mind and body arent controlled by flipping a switch to the off position in that way. However, establishing a soothing bedtime routine as an integral part of your sleeping habits sets the stage for a good nights sleep. mankind are creatures of habit and our natural body rhythms crave consistency. So, when youre planning your bedtime routine, keep things simply and easy because your ritual needs to be something you can do every single night. If you make it too lengthy or intricate youre setting yourself up for failure. Your pre-sleep behaviors should be soothing and relaxing. The aim is to give yourself the time and space to cut down from the stresses of the day and reach a calming state of relaxation to make it easier to fall asleep. If your sleeping habits include some of the following, youll be well on your way to establishing an effective bedtime routine. Take a warmly bathA drop in body temperature helps to trigger the need for sleep so a warm bath (or a soak in the hot-tub) may help you fall asleep faster. You can enhance this effect by using aromatherapy products (bath oils, scented candles and so on) with calming properties. Practice Relaxation TechniquesTodays fast world tends to make us tense and irritable, which can really interfere with your ability to sleep well. using up some time on relaxing activities (breathing exercises, yoga, massage, meditation, or entle stretches) before bed can lower worry levels and calm your body andmind. Have a Bedtime SnackA bowl of nachos or that last patch of pizza definitely shouldnt have a place in your bedtime routine. But, certain foods and drinks can have a positive effect on your sleep. Some foods contain an amino-acid called tryptophan that can make you feel sleepy. remember that glass of warm milk your mom used to urge you to drink? She knew what she was doing because milk contains tryptophan. In addition to milk, many dairy products such cheese and yogurt contain this chemical, as do soy products, poultry, whole-grains and many seeds/nuts. So, a glass of milk and a handful of wholewheat crackers could be a good addition to your sleeping habits. Many herbal teas can have a relaxing and calming effect, as well. keep down Sleep-Destroying Activities FoodsAny activity that stimulates your brain or body (with the noticeable exception of love-making) can sabotage your bedtime routine. hobble away from horror movies, work e-mail, strenuous exercise, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and spicy foods. Also, watch out for unexpected side effects of prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications and natural remedies that you may take for other conditions. Changing your sleeping habits and establishing a bedtime routine that encourages deep, restful sleep takes time and determination but the rewards are well worth the effort.

Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

Soft Drink Industry EssayThe global grim-keyed alcohol addiction industry is currently expanding quite rapidly. This is due to two major factors. First, grocery stores atomic number 18 expanding rapidly in evolution countries and second people argon turning toward natural, healthy, and low-calorie revels. This so called new-age beverages, such as tea-based beverages, is considerably bear upon the development of the spongy drink industry and also creating a major challenge to the carbonated beverage market.In part to address this trend, big soft drink companies, like Pepsi and Coke, are striving to grow a total beverage conjunction (Seet and Yoffie 95), in which they bequeath serve the comprehensive soft drink market. Generally speaking, the soft drink off-trade value worldwide is gradually rising ever year, from $231,401 in 2001 to $323,031 in 2006 (Global Market Information Database 2007). The biggest market for soft drinks is still North America and Western Europ e, which together consumed 43% of gross soft drink volume worldwide in 2006 (Global Market Information Database 07).However, the general developing trend for the North America and Western European market is now shrinking in scathe of the global market while the Asian market is expanding rattling rapidly in recent age to now account for 22% of the global market (Global Market Information Database 07). The market volumes of Africa, the Middle East, and Australia are comparatively smaller. However, the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia-pacific markets are emerging markets and attract many companies, ranging from multinationals to niche specialists, who continue to confab volume growth well in excess of the market number (Robinson 04).With the growth in volume, the average level of profitability of the soft drink industry remains quite high. First, the trim producers (CPs) ware amaze integrated with bottling companies, thereby reducing returnion salutes. The CPs an d bottlers remain profitable d atomic number 53 interdependence, sharing promotional and advertising and marketing costs (Seet and Yoffie 95). For example, Coca-Cola has many bottlers in different regions therefore, their scattering cost is not as high. Furtherto a spaciouser extent, the CPs directly negotiate with the suppliers to cost-effectively manage qualities for their products.In addition, their product line and distri just nowion set up is now to a greater extent systemic and integrated. Big soft drink producers increasely immunity bottlers or sully a share from them rather than controlling bottling totally by themselves. This has activated and developed the capital-intensive bottling business. In enkindle of these trends competition remains intense, such as between distributors and also between new local labels and worldwide drink corporations. Thirdly, the soft drink industry has several channels to sell to consumers such as deal machines, convenience stores, foo d stores (supermarkets), and national warehouses.For example after a long work-out, unmatched quenches ones thirst by going to a soft drink vending machine for a Cola. With this distribution channel, soft drinks are sold directly to consumers without bar consumeing. In 1993, Coca-Cola sold approximately 45% of their soft drinks through vending machine in the Japanese market (Seet and Yoffie 95). some other reason for the level of profitability of the soft drink industry remaining quite high is because this industry has a nearly 47% market share of the non-alcoholic beverages industry (Deichert 06).It is also to be noted that some of the soft drink vendors like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have gotten their logos printed on cups at fast food restaurants so that customers are readily reminded of their brands. Big mention soft drinks also promote their brands by getting them placed in the middle shelves of stores to attract customers. With the unremitting expansion of Pepsi products into distant countries, it may seem challenging for Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE) to sustain their status in the soft drink industry. The soft drink industry is one of the industries that we consider mild on the degree spectrum of Michael Porters five competitive forces.As we look at the first competitive force, the threats of new entrants, we tidy sumnot help but consider the high capital investment in building simply a minimum bottling plant a good amount of $20 million to $30 million is needed (Seet and Yoffie 95). This means that in the category of the threats of new entrants, bottling plant yields a low to medium degree of intensiveness. Also, a Seet and Yoffie states that in 1980, disposal policy intervened and established the Soft Drink Inter-brand Competition Act to help preserve the right of CPs to include certain geographical territories (95).Meanwhile, concentrate businesses, a medium to high intensive business, involve very little capital of machinery, overhead and labor (S eet and Yoffie 95). However, it does required some advertising, promotion, market research and advertising (Seet and Yoffie 95) Another factor is that the bargaining power of suppliers of concentrate business is low. When asked, Are they easy to be replaced? The answer is, Yes. The bottling business, on the other hand, has a high bargaining power of suppliers because it is difficult to replace these businesses since they are one of a kind.There is totally one Coca-Cola brand, or one Pepsi or one Seven-Up in this world. It would distribute years to replace these well known and well established products. On the contrary, the bargaining power of buyers of concentrate business is high while for bottling business is medium. For instance, when a concentrate company bargains with a Seven-Up company regarding their supply of recipe, Seven-Up screwing decide who they choose to supply their recipe to since currently there is only one Seven-Up recipe in the soft drink market. Therefore, t he concentrate business has a low bargaining power of buyers.In terms of fear of threat of substitute products, the bottling business is medium. Coke and Pepsis franchise agreement allowed bottlers to handle the non-cola brands of other concentrate producers (CPs) (Seet and Yoffie 95). The bottling companies seem to be submissive to Coke and Pepsi. Lastly, controversy among competing firms for concentrate business seems to be quite high. There seems to exist quite a few world-wide brands such as RC Cola, Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up, and Cadburry Schweppes, who produce only concentrate.As for the bottling business, the rivalry among competing firms is low because of certain franchise agreement such as one Coca-Cola and Pepsi presented. Seet and Yoffie reports that with the agreement a coke bottler cannot sell RC Cola, but they can distribute Seven-Up as long as they do not carry Sprite (95) nonetheless the concentrate producers (CPs) want to vertically integrate into bottling for two main reasons to make their operation system more efficiency and to cut costs. These factors are interrelated. First, CPs can make their operating system more efficient through vertical integration.For instance, if two different sectors, such as bottling business or concentration business, are following the same rules, having the same operating system then it is easier for them to work together. Second, CPs can expurgate some costs by vertically integrating. One example is transaction costs. According to Seet and Yoffie, concentrate producers approximately significant costs include advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler relations (95). For example, if CPs were to cut down their costs from one of these significant costs, they would earn more profits.Moreover, CPs are usually in charge of market research, product planning and advertising while bottlers play an important role in developing trade and consumer promotions. In order to have a reliable supply, CPs have to be in d irect strain with the bottlers and monitor them, therefore, CPs need to employ more staff to work on this part. If CPs can vertically integrate into bottling, they could save more money and in the same time provide flavour with quantity. In recent years, the CCEs sales volume in mainland chinaware has been growing with rates of averaging at 16 to 17 percent annually.At the same time, Chinas retail environment has been changing rapidly. According to president of CCE China division, Paul Etchells, although small retail outlets are still prevalent in China, the number of hyper-marts (larger retail outlets) and supermarkets is rocketing. In China, CCE has to keep up with the rising posit for their brands. They have to continuously increment their production plants, employees, and distribution channels. CCEs market in the US, however, has been slowing down because US consumers are bonny more health-conscious (Stanford 07).They are now consuming less carbonated beverages preferring diet sodas (but these are carbonated), coffee, teas, bottled weewee, and energy drinks. This is a problem for CCE because the majority of CCEs products are carbonated drinks (Stanford 07). Another factor that slows CCE is the rising commodity cost in the US. This cost then will be passed to US consumers. Historically, the Chinese government wanted to cheer the domestic soft drink industry by setting up strict regulations on foreign soft drinks companies (Seet and Yoffie 95). Today, the government is more lenient to foreign businesses (Stanford 07).Building new manufacturing plants and selling CCEs products to Chinese consumers is not as hard as it was in the past. However, doing business in China requires CCE to build a human relationship with the government. The concept of Guanxi is an important factor that determines the success of a company (Seet and Yoffie 95). CCEs managers in China spent a lot of time building relationships with the Chinese officials. Since corruption is c ommon in China and CCE is a US based company, the CCE has a disadvantage doing business in China. In the US, on the other hand, business is done more formally.There is not an urgent need to build a relationship with the government. However, an increasing number of consumers in US is concerned with issues relating to sustainability. Therefore, CCE needs to address issues such as water scarcity and pollution. In other words, Chinas growing demand and US decreasing demand for Coca-Cola products accounted for CCEs heavy investment in the Chinese market. Coca-cola was lay outd to China in the early 1920s and came bandaging after the declaration of the People Republic of China in 1949 through stiff negotiation with the Chinese officials (Seet and Yoffie 95).Since the 1940s, Coca-Cola dominated the U. S. market, which provided the company with financial leverage to expand into internationally and set the tone and the pricing strategy for Pepsi. At that time Pepsi did not have the matchi ng financial power and resources to face any challenges Coca-Cola could introduce in the beverage market (Seet and Yoffie 95). Therefore, Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been fierce rivals in both(prenominal) domestic and international markets. apiece company is using a different strategy to remain in control while increasing their net revenue.Coca-Cola entered China before Pepsi did. However, the soft drink market in China can draw and quarter both products due to the fact that China has one fourth of the worlds population, which provides a great deal of demand for both companies to generate profit. Looking at both companys strategies, one can see that both companies are aiming to become established in the beverage market in China. Moreover, Pepsi seems to be making better acquisition decisions than Coca-Cola however, the financial figures reveal the victor.The purchases that Pepsi has recently made will betroth their toll in the form of long term debt, while Coke can concentrate more on increasing market share, as they are much less leveraged than their largest competitor. Coca-cola and Pepsi control 19% and 9% of the Chinese soft-drink market respectively. Coca-Cola operates in 23 bottling plants with total investment of $500 million, while Pepsi operates on 18 plants with total investment of $ 600 million (Seet and Yoffie 95). Coca-Cola is buying their own assets or entering in a go venture with the Chinese government.For example in China the government owns plants and distribution centers, while Pepsi is pursuing joystick ventures and mergers with local companies. The battle for the soft drink industry in China will require a great deal of financial and marketing resources to cover all aspects of competition in local industry. For example, Coca-cola officials are heavily involved with the government, where they spend almost 50% of their time catering and entertaining the government officials to gain more influence in their operation (since the corruption r ate in China is high) (Seet and Yoffie 95).Doing so will provide an advantage over Pepsi because the distribution plants need to be close to the local market to be able to provide the market with competitive products that are cheap and of high quality. In comparison with Coke, Pepsis strategy of joint ventures with local industry helps them cut costs and pass the savings to the Chinese consumers (Seet and Yoffie 95). Finally, both companies are investing heavily and using their equity to expand and generate revenue in China, which financial figures show that they will not have any financial liquidity in the near rising if they continue at the same rate of investment.

Store and retrive information Essay Example for Free

Store and retrive learning EssayUnderstand processes and procedures for storing and retrieving nurture apologize the answer of storing and retrieving required information The reason you store information is so you when you need it in the future you outho function easily find it. Most companies founder to either store documents in fire proof cabinets or on hard disks or any(prenominal) former(a) electronic storage devices. Most companies have confidential files about the company, employees or customers that have to follow the information protection act. Describe different information systems and their main features Server on the host at our company we use the server to store all are files for example financial data, HR files, sage and accounts, maintenance, training, HSBC, customers, employees, etc. these are all in relevant files so you can locate them easily. GX our bespeak system saves all of the work that we have processed so you can locate them by termination o n to contracts and finding the relevant customers and looking what they have had from when they joined with our company and we can also look back in the past to see how much we have made and how more pieces we have sent out.Explain the shoot for of legal and organizational requirements for the security and confidentiality of information Information that is stored in an organisation has to follow the security and confidentiality procedures. For example finances, customers and employees details should be secured and solitary(prenominal) certain members of staff should be able to access physical and electronic data unless you have been disposed(p) authorisation. If information gets into the unlawful hands it could have serious consequences and might lead to legal action. Explain the purpose of confirming information to be stored and retrieved All companies store a lot of information, but if you store the harm information that isnt up to date or is non right(a) in that respect i s no use of it. So when storing information you should be cautious that it is proof read. You keep information for a reason so you should keep everything updated. The misuse information can be really serious if it falls in to wrong hands.Read moreStore and Retrieve Information EssayDescribe ways of checking information for truthWhen you are saving important information it is essential that you proof read it, or if you are not sure get someone to double check it, as you only want accurate data. By using decent software to store database give help ensurethat the information is accurate. Explain the purpose of checking information for accuracyAll organisations have to check to drive sure that there information is correct because if one thing is wrong for example in the financial department if the money that is coming in and going out is inaccurate, this might lead to staff might not get paid in good order or you havent got enough money to pay either staff or employers. Explain the purpose of providing information to agreed format and timescales By having an agreed format in an organisation is called a house style by using a house style it will let other companies or customers identify who you are, for example by the font, logo, font size, emphasis and spacing. By not having this you dont look very professional and will make things take longer if you have to use extra time making it right. By having a timescale will let staff and customers know when work will be completed by over running the timescale will make the company look unformed and not very professional. Describe the types of information that may be deletedAs a company goes on your will get more and more customers and might have some customers leave your company so you should always check the data and making sure it is accurate, so you dont have any unwanted data. Most companies will have a policy on how long you should store data for and after that time it should be deleted or shredded following se curity and confidentiality procedures. Describe problems that may follow with information systems and how to deal with them, when necessary When storing important information there is always going to be a risk whether it is saved onto a computer or it is physical because computers get viruses from attackers so you should always make sure that you have got proper security like antivirus software and firewalls need to be used as well as passwords. When you have physical information there is always a risk that there could be a fire or flood, or information can be seen by the wrong person who do not have authority to access information. You should always have locks and maybe heretofore a fire proof cabinet for important documents.