Problem indicators of Avis Budget Group Assignment

Issue pointers of Avis Budget Group - Assignment Example The expenses of activity of Avis Budget bunch rose by 3% when contrasted with set standards.â Currently, the organization is wanting to obtain Zipcar, Inc. Partnership. On January 2, the administration reported that the organization has gone into a consent to procure Zipcar, Inc., the world's driving vehicle sharing system. Last exchanges are required to be finished in March or April 2013. These acquisitions are costly and unsafe to attempt. Further, the organization requires extra funds to quickly and viably coordinate the organizations of Zipcar and Avis Budget Group. This has expanded the expenses of overseeing such dangers and recruiting experts to impact the procurement. Avis Budget Group took an interest in the presentation and get together of the electric vehicle in the horn of Africa, and the edifying to individuals about the significance of sun oriented force than fuel power. They have revealed a program that encourages the individuals of the proficiency factors accordin g to climatic change and conditions. The organization has likewise observed the presentation of electric vehicles that utilization sun powered force rather than diesel or petroleum (Myers 3). The organization has held hands with different organizations that battle for more beneficial, green condition (Avis 2).â This development requires overwhelming capital speculation, which further shoots up expenses of activity. In spite of the fact that expenses of creation are relied upon to expand, the organization is promising to bring down costs charged for transport administrations. On the off chance that costs are brought down, pay from speculation exercises won't spread the expenses. Under ordinary business tasks, increment underway expenses is required to be legitimately relative to increment in costs. Conversely, the Avis Budget is intending to diminish charges. This may prompt the organization bringing about misfortunes that might be irretrievable in the short-run. Diminished market inclusion by 4% Rivalry has expanded reliably in the vehicle rental industry. The vehicle leasing organizations are coming up each day. More speculators are understanding that vehicle rental business is a gainful business. Instances of contenders are Buick Enclaves, Chevrolet Cobalts. These financial specialists have made uncalled for rivalry, which has contrarily influenced Avis Budget Group. Rivalry has likewise risen in light of the fact that the vehicle rental industry is a free serious market stucture. So as to check this opposition, Avis Budget Group will be compelled to acquire additional expenses in publicizing and different types of special exercises. Predominant of hardened rivalry has caused the organization lose a portion of its expected clients. Expanded rivalry has made this organization increment uses on after-deal benefits and improving the nature of its vehicles. Rivalry will likewise originate from different types of transport, for example, ocean and air transport, which pull in more clients. This will prompt marked down benefits, discounted share cost and expanded misfortunes (Kings 9). Along these lines, rivalry in the vehicle re

The Business Model

The Business Model * Based on your perusing of Chapter 4 from the Hess book, â€Å"An Elevator-Pitch Business Model,† and the â€Å"Why Business Models Matter† article, total the accompanying: a. Compose a brief two-sentence â€Å"elevator pitch† client incentive for your true business. (You can utilize the models in the Hess book as a guide. ) We will offer administrations to help clients procure any sort of property to be utilized in any sort of way that is mindful to the requirements everything being equal and governments.Delivering excellent outcomes by continually enhancing administration and procedures, being responsible for culture, a winner’s force, and advancement that charms a solid assistance ethic. b. At that point, consolidating your lift pitch, extend it to a full yet at the same time fresh plan of action portrayal, or â€Å"story,† as Magretta alludes to it. Setting up a business to fulfill the necessities of a network or area through the act of moral conduct and giving people or business that craving to procure property locally or all around quality in administration and procedure through the exchange process.We offer administrations to the obtaining of a property to be utilized in any sort of way that is capable to the requirements everything being equal and governments Uncontested Market Space Strategyâ€First Pass Hamel and Prahalad (2005) compose, â€Å"The specialist's objective isn't to discover a specialty inside the current business space however to make new space that is exceptionally fit to the organization's own strengthsâ€space that is off the guide. † Based on your perusing of the articles â€Å"Value Innovation: A Leap into the Blue Ocean† and â€Å"Strategic Intent,† in two sections, apply the contemplations of the writers and portray how your eal-world business endeavors (or will endeavor) to make new serious â€Å"uncontested market† spaces, and what the essenti al difficulties to such a procedure are or will be. Be explicit. Vital plan will be to develop the association naturally to build benefits by 15% every month and keep up and exceptionally moral workplace and relationship with clients, representatives, partners, and partners. We will concentrate on the necessities of the client regarding society of the area, financial aspects, social condition, and network needs.Ethics will be a solid piece of the of the usage of this technique to discover and band together with likeminded people with a conviction to and promise to speak to themselves in a fair manner being responsible for their activities. Structure collusions with people that don’t lie, cheat, take, and make an incentive for the client through giving intensive, excellent assistance and items, utilize moral techniques and forms, and grow long haul associations with the client base rather than the arm’s length bargains that typically transpire.General Force and Customer Analysis With the perusing SWOT Analysis I: Looking Outside for Threats and Opportunities as a main priority, answer the accompanying inquiries: a. Recognize and talk about the three most significant general ecological powers or workstyle and way of life slants that are forming the â€Å"big picture† open door for your true business. Versatility, innovation, and ergonomics: Mobility is having the option to telecommute or office and structure collusions to fill in as a group when necessary.Working in a group with others in various locales could decrease set up cost, the requirement for office space, and expensive travel to different districts. Utilizing innovation to lessen the expense related with movement and builds up a correspondence base with partners and colleagues. Working with partners would help with taking care of traffic in different locales planning exchange exercises and keeping up a social nearness and giving a physical nearness in the commercial center. Ergonom ics building green and structured naturally inviting for representative solace, security, and sound environment.Daily tasks would be on an impromptu style developing the day around the most significant capacities from the get-go in the day whether it be archiving ongoing exchanges or setting up meeting with possibilities. b. Play out a client examination, and utilizing the classifications and thoughts from pages 6-8, portray as cautiously as you can who the clients of your business are, what â€Å"problems† they have that your organization can fathom, etc. Cutoff your investigation to two single-divided pages. Utilization of the web to bring in cash will it damage or make your business profitable.The utilization of the web will make new clients and new market sections from which an organization can develop and be increasingly beneficial. In land exchanges there are various arrangements and different interchanges that are important to finish an exchange. In circumstances where travel and significant distance correspondences can be very costs the utilization of the web to convey and transmit archives to set up exchanges. New markets and clients can be gotten to by means of the web and collusions can likewise be built up to help with moving into showcase portions decreasing expense and guideline of neighborhood government.Opportunities as coalitions, different market dispersion procedures, make an incentive by giving ergonomic and vitality productive structure forms arriving at more and shifted buyers in fluctuated advertise sections. Evaluating in the lodging markets alongside outrage in the loaning business has made a major issue with home securing for some neighborhood private purchasers. Many qualifying measures for returning home credits have gotten progressively limited as an outcome of the far reaching extortion in the loaning industry.As an aftereffect of this misrepresentation numerous networks have been overwhelmed by circumstances where the gath ering of upset homes is in an excess in numerous networks. With numerous networks containing bothered properties debasement of property estimations brought about numerous proprietors losing cash on their speculations. Apparently with lower home estimations and lower intrigue evaluated this would invigorate purchasing by shoppers for home deals. Be that as it may, with the harder passing gauges for loaning items less customers can buy and slanting toward leasing.Building green likewise has contrarily influenced the commercial center locally due to the expense related with higher material expense to fabricate green. The open door that is made by networks containing upset property deals is it draws in an alternate sort of purchaser to advertise as well. The piece of the pie for this sort of purchaser will be savagely serious in light of the fact that as a general rule this kind of financial specialist is cost cognizant and profoundly instructed with their speculation practice. Clients are a definitive objective to advertise too for a business to be gainful in genuine estate.So it is critical to characterize your client and market portion. So for the most part when you consider clients for land business you promptly consider organizations or people inspired by the securing of property. You have three degrees of clients all identified with money related situation of family unit. You have the economy client that lives from check to check and quite often need beyond what they can bear the cost of and is misinformed in light of the fact that they accept they can go through any cash without a financial plan. You have middle pay family unit which might be viewed as white collar class a large portion of these clients are spending savvy and taught buyers.Lastly you have the custom purchasers where they are every one of the six and seven figure salaries. Open doors for new clients exist when you enter the worldwide market where you have remote speculators keen on propertie s found locally. You may likewise have organizations locally needing to gain property comprehensively through a neighborhood specialist with universal access. The client base should be reclassified by socioeconomics too the kind of purchaser or dealer you are working with. By and by I have had the best accomplishment with working clients in a particular age, pay, and instructive level in the private commercial center.

The Dictionary of Fictional Techniques Clustered Interrogatives

The Dictionary of Fictional Techniques Clustered Interrogatives The Dictionary of Fictional Techniques  is a running feature in which I observe, name, and discuss heretofore uncategorized (at least to my knowledge) literary devices. See  previous entries here. ____________________________ Proxy Detailing: Representing the interior thinking of a character using a sequence of questions about some unresolved issue in the characters life. Example: Whats he drinking for? Because of the thirty miles of black sea he had to cross tonight? Because he was going into the unknown? Because of Dr. No? -From Dr. No by Iam Fleming Discussion: Simultaneity is hard to represent, and I think the charitable reading of the clustered interrogative is that attempts to capture a character being torn between multiple possibilities. Still, Im not sure that it represents an actual experience of ambivalence; I doubt that anyone actually asks themselves a series of questions in such a clear manner. To me, the clustered interrogative is a reminder that the character is being written, rather than being chronicled, and so it jerks me out of moment. ____________________________ All entries in The Dictionary of Fictional Techniques are original to, unless otherwise cited. (This means that they aren’t ‘real words,’ so don’t use them in your freshman comp essay) Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Essay on Types of Crimes - 619 Words

Types of Crimes A crime is an act against the public good, punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or both. There are two major classifications of crime. The first classification of crime is a felony. A felony is a major crime punishable by imprisonment or death. Murder, manslaughter, burglary, robbery, and arson are examples of felonies. The second major classification of a crime is a misdemeanor. A misdemeanor is a less serious crime with a less severe penalty. Misdemeanors that aren’t as serious are known as petty offenses. Driving an automobile without a license, lying about your age to purchase alcohol, and leaving the scene of an automobile accident are all examples of misdemeanors. Crimes are defined by two elements. The†¦show more content†¦Involuntary manslaughter occurs when you kill someone in a reckless act such as drunk driving. There are crimes against business interests such as larceny by false pretenses, forgery, bribery, and extortion. These crimes are known as white-collar crimes and usually involve fraud and are nonviolent. The act of taking someone’s money or property by intentionally deceiving that person is known as larceny by false pretenses. Forgery is the false making or changing of writing with the intent to defraud. The signing of another person’s name without authority to check or other document is known as forgery also. In order for a crime to take place there must be intent to defraud or deceive. Bribery is the illegal paying of public officials in order to influence their official authority or decisions. The penalty for bribery at the federal level is a fine of not more than $20,000 or three times the monetary equivalent of the bribe. Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of a dwelling house at night with the intent to commit a felony. States have passed statutes covering other kinds of breaking and entering. If any part of the crime cannot be proven, you cannot be charged with burglary. Robbery is the wrongful taking and carrying away of the personal property of another accompanied by violence or threats. The main difference between larceny and robbery is that when you robShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Crime And Crime1902 Words   |  8 PagesAssignment 2: Chapter 2-Types of Crime, Chapter 3-Causes of Crime Data Collection for the UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS The Uniform Crime Reports collects reported crime data from the states’ law enforcement agencies on Part I offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and local law enforcement agencies are also required to provide additional details about a crime when it appears to be motivated by hate. Law enforcementRead MoreThe Six Types Of Crime953 Words   |  4 Pages1) The six types of crime are Violent - Violent crime is crimes that are against people such as murder, assault, rape, and robbery. Property- property crimes are crimes that are used for economic gains such as stealing someone’s belongings. Public order- this are crimes that go against the norms of what people think are right such as public drunkenness or prostitution. White-collar- these are crimes that are committed by an individual or a business with nonviolent actions for business advantageRead MoreFour Types of Crimes1348 Words   |  5 PagesCrime #1 – Murder – From Child Star to Alleged Killer 1. Physiognomy theory states that human behavioral characteristics have external physical manifestations (Understanding Crime: Essentials of Criminological Theory, pg 95, Unit 3). What does this mean exactly? Physical manifestation happens through detachment. Detached from your goal and not thinking about, the physical manifestation will be in process and eventually take place (http://www.lawsofmindsystem.com/physicalmanifestation.htm). CouldRead MoreThe Five Types Of Crime1398 Words   |  6 Pages Crime Classification Iliana Clark American InterContinental University Abstract This essay will explain the five different types of crime. These include: Crimes against persons, Crimes against property, and Crimes of public morality, White-collar crimes and Cyber crimes. Statistics show that we are likely to be a victim of one of these crimes. This essay will explain each crime and their differences, providing a definition by category of crime. They are many types of crimes butRead MoreTypes of White Collar Crime686 Words   |  3 PagesName Tutor Course Title Date Submitted Types of White Collar Crime: There are different types of criminal offenses since a criminal act can be regarded as a specific type of offense based on the nature of crime. The various types of criminal activities have developed to become more than a single problem to nearly all criminal justice systems across the globe. The main reason for the divergent classification of criminal activities is because they occur in different settings and are conductedRead More3 Types of Crime Measurement1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthree types of measurement. Uniform Crime Reports, victimization surveys and self report studies all have similar purposes of concluding the trends in different crimes and suggesting the attention of problematic issues. Although, theses types of crime measurement all have the same aim, results vary tremendously between them. Each type of measurement is conducted by a different group that hold their own techniques of gathering information. In the United States, the Uniform Crime ReportRead MoreInchoate Offences : A Type Of Crime908 Words   |  4 Pagesoffense is a type of crime completed by taking a punishable step towards the commission of another crime. The basic inchoate offenses are attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy. The crime allegedly intended is called the target offense. Except for conspiracy, inchoate offenses merge into the target crime. This means that if the defendant is prosecuted for the target crime, attempt and solicitation cannot be charged as well. However, both conspiracy to commit a crime and the crime itself may beRead MoreFour Different Types of Crime1515 Words   |  7 PagesCourse Conover: Dr Hennessey Hayes Tutor: Dr Jacqueline Homel Course Code: CCJ15 Course name: Introduction to Crime and Criminology Assessment number: 1 Due Date: 23.04.10 Extension confirmation number: 14177 Student name: Tamara Chatterton Student number: S2736240 This essay will examine four different types of crime. These include: Property, Violent, White-collar and Internet crimes. To examine these in detail this essay will define and explain each one. It will then describe how they are measuredRead MoreThe Association Between Drug Use And Crime Cycle1487 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation Between Drug Use and Crime Cycle Christina Herring Columbia College Abstract Since some of our states have made marijuana legal, the crime cycle in those states is becoming a topic of interest all across America. For what once was a crime, the act of making it legal cuts the amount of crime automatically. This study analyzes the effect of making drugs legal has on the crime cycle. It questions how legalizing marijuana has affected crime rates, either positively or negativelyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Violent Crime And The Following Five Themes : Race, Religion, Gender, Income, And Immigration1927 Words   |  8 Pagesfocus on violent crime in the U.S. Many studies in this review discuss how some sociological variables can influence crime for better or for worse. This literature review will discuss the relationship between violent crime and the following five themes: race, religion, gender, income, and immigration. Race Violent crime has consistently been a significant issue throughout U.S. history, especially between racial and ethnic groups. As a country, we’ve had to deal with violent crime dating back to slavery

Ancient Civilizations of India and China Essay - 822 Words

5.1 Individual Reading Assignment 1. If the writing of the early Indus Valley civilization could be deciphered, what new information could they hope to learn? If the writings of the Indus Valley civilization could be deciphered, I believe we could discover where they came from, whether another civilization taught them how to fire bricks and cultivate cotton. I believe their writings would tell us how they learned to build vast assembly halls and what type of occasions they were used for. Since they were largely an agriculture-based society (114) did they perform sacrifices? Did they worship the bull that seems to be so prolific in their art? What, if any, is the indirect link between them and the Minoans, who had a similar cult.†¦show more content†¦(117) By following these ideals, one could hope to ‘break the cycle’ and escape the â€Å"never-ending cycle of rebirth and find nirvana†. (117) How do they differ from traditional Hindu beliefs and why did they induce many Indians to convert? The Hindu believes in celebrating the elements of eroticism and naturalism, believing that sexual union represents union with their gods. They also have a series of avatars of various animals and humans. (120) In stark contrast, Buddhist believes in a more austere lifestyle. They flourish, spiritually at the call to give up worldly goods. (118) Ashoka, after realizing all the suffering and bloodshed he had spread, was appalled and converted to Buddhism to teach and spread the Buddhist believe in a non-violent society. (118) Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion. 3. Both Buddhism and Hinduism have many followers today. What gives the religions their appeal? In particular, why does Buddhism continue to attract increasing numbers in the US and Western countries? Both religions have their own appeal. Buddhism claimed that human suffering comes from indulgence in superficial pleasures. (129) Hindus’ believe that the spirit has a series of deaths and reincarnations. Buddhists believe the ‘cycle needs to be broken by renouncing worldly ambitions and satisfactions.’ (129) Buddhism continues to attract people fromShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations Of India And China2144 Words   |  9 PagesRiley King Brianna Vinup Ancient India and China The ancient civilizations of India and China were possibly the most advanced of their time. Both countries had much to offer in that time including new technology, governments, religions, and items to trade. The two countries have and had had many similarities and contrasts. The geography of ancient India was a little different than what is to this day. The Himalayan mountains are located in the Northern part of India and the Hindu Kush are locatedRead MoreIndia and China: Ancient Civilizations in the Modern World1022 Words   |  4 PagesChina and India are two of the oldest surviving civilizations in the world. Prior to the 18th century, Europeans viewed these nations with the utmost respect in regards to their immense wisdom and wealth. However, around the time of the early nineteenth century Europeans began to view these civilizations through a different lens. In the eyes of Europeans, these once renowned civilizations had become debilitated and obsolete. The twentieth century only further instated the agony associated withRead MoreCompare and Contrast: Ancient China and Ancient India Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesAncient China and ancient India are both important and interesting ancient civilizations. They are alike and unlike in many ways. So me significant ways in which ancient India and China are similar and different are religion, art, economics, politics, and social structure. Ancient China and ancient India both consider religion to be very important. The main religions of China were Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. The central religions in India were Hinduism and Buddhism. Both Ancient China andRead MoreRiver Valley Civilizations Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesAncient river valley civilizations are one of the earliest societies in the world. The rises of these ancient river valley civilizations started the first cradle of civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, and Ancient China are the earliest civilizations that were successful enough to make enough food for everybody. Every one of these civilizations had three things in common: they all had a special relationship with the river, they created their own writingRead MoreEssay on Compare/Contrast China and India896 Words   |  4 PagesChina and India China and India were both very advanced ancient civilizations. Both agricultural based civilizations made various technological advances. Although China and India shared many similarities, they had differences such as the social system, politics, and the importance of trade in the economy. The hierarchy of ancient China and India were similar with a noticeable sign of select individuals being considered â€Å"higher† then others. The caste system was strict in India and prohibited otherRead MoreScientific and Mathematical Contributions of Ancient Greece, China, and India1112 Words   |  4 Pagesskills and theories from ancient civilizations. Ancient Greece is often known for its strong advancements in philosophy. Ancient China is most well known for its inventions. The Ancient Indian civilization is usually not viewed as an important society in ancient history because they kept very few written records. Most people dont know just how important Ancient India actually was in history. The scientific and mathematical contributions of Ancient Greece, China, and India have all had a great influenceRead MoreThe Silk Road During The Han Dynasty Of China1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthousands of years ago, upon the earliest creations of civilization, there were two thrivi ng civilizations. Both of which knew little to nothing about each other’s existence. In this ancient world, there was no connection of the two civilizations, no trade in commerce or culture. It was not until the second century BC that Europe and Eastern Asia interacted in a significant way. What is known as â€Å"The Silk Road† was established during the Han Dynasty of China, it was a network of trade routes that createdRead MoreDescribe The Relationship Between Ancient Civilizations1023 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Civilizations In this essay I will be explaining the relationship between four ancient civilizations. These civilizations include; Mesopotamia, India, China and Egypt. Not only will I be explaining the relationship between these four civilizations, I will also be explaining how the geography of these civilizations relate to religion, social classes,and writing. Paragraph 1 - Describe land and water forms The geography of these four civilizations are very important aspect of their cultureRead MoreIntroduction. The Pilgrimage Of Faxian And Xuanzang To1548 Words   |  7 PagesXuanzang to the India is an important event in the cultural exchange between China and India because their experiences of pilgrimages have significant effects on not only development of Buddhism in China as well as cultural exchange between China and India. Faxian and Xuanzang actively participated in various Buddhist activities in India. Their travel experiences were maintained in detailed records of their precious books, which are preservation of valuable historical information such as Ancient BuddhismRead MoreIndi The Largest Exporter Of The Most Popular Games780 Words   |  4 PagesMangoes India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world. Every year, over 15 million tons of mangoes are produced in India. India alone produces around 40% of world s total mangoes. Despite being the largest producer, India is not the largest exporter of mangoes due to the fact that much of the mangoes are consumed in India itself. Chess The earliest form of chess originated from India in the 6th century and was played using four members of army which were cavalry, elephantry, chariotry and

Online Marketing Essay - 1100 Words

These days, businesses are going for different ways to promote their products. Before the inception of the Internet, businesses were trying to promote their products through conventional marketing strategies. But now the whole scenario has been changed dramatically. Whether it’s a small business or a corporate sector, every one out there is trying to promote their business through the Internet. The Internet has proven to be one of the most cost effective ways for promoting product or service. There is hardly any platform like the Internet that can bring you such a good way to exhibit your product or service on the global screen. With the help of Internet, globalization of businesses is becoming easier for people from all around the†¦show more content†¦Otherwise you are not going to get substantial amount of web traffic for your website. Web traffic is an essential element for success of your website on the World Wide Web. Websites that are receiving good amount of quality traffic are also gaining good business. If your website can gain good and quality traffic then the client conversion rate will enhance. On the other hand you will be receiving a good amount of business deals. Over the years, article writing has given online world many possibilities to promote businesses to their desired height. Now it’s not remained as a secret that article writing can bring us more number of quality traffic. Rather many webmasters choose to opt for article writing as an effective way to promote their websites. Writing unique content can bring you tremendous success such as: †¢ It always allows you to establish yourself as a specialist in your respective field. †¢ It allows you to get connected with tons of potential clients that even don’t know about you. †¢ It allows you to get the name and fame for your company through your website. †¢ Always try to produce unique and informative content so that your potential clients are never going to feel dozy about you. †¢ The client conversion is sure to be enhanced with the writing and publishing of unique and informative articles. Article writing can be taken as a powerful marketing tool through which you can make some tremendous publications about your business, productShow MoreRelatedMarketing : Marketing And Online Marketing4541 Words   |  19 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1. Marketing and Online Marketing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1.1 Marketing Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 1.2 Online Marketing Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 2. Online Marketing Tools †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2.1 Search Engine †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2.2 E-communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2.3 Social Media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.4 Apps and Mobile Devices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 3. 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The Concept Of Corporate Veil And Examine

Question: Critically examine the concept of corporate veil? Answer: Under the company law a company is generally considered as a juristic person. The result is that it has the same rights and the duties and can also own real property, enter into contracts in its own name and the company also has the capacity to sue and be sued using its own name. The result is that a company is considered as a juristic individual and mostly, it is considered as a natural person. At the same time, a major factor that motivates the registration of a company is the benefit of limited liability provided to the stockholders. As a result of this doctrine, the shareholders of the company are liable only to the amount of their shares. However, a significant exception is present to the doctrine of limited liability. Therefore, under some circumstances, the court may decide to pierce the veil for the purpose of looking through the corporation (Robert, 1991). This act of the court is known as piercing the veil. In such a case, the court can treat the shareholders personally acc ountable for the obligations that may otherwise be imposed only against the company. The principle of lifting the veil is invoked in cases where the distinction between the corporation and its shareholders has been blurred. At this point, it has to be mentioned that although a company enjoys a legal identity, that is separate from its members however the company can act only with the help of human agents. The result is that to main methods at present through which a company can be held liable. These are the direct liability (in cases of direct infringement) and through secondary liability (related with the acts of human agents acting course of employment). In this way, after a company has been registered, it starts to enjoy a legal personality and is considered as a juristic entity. The company enjoys an identity of its own and it is separate from the owners, shareholders of the members of the company (Farrar, 1990). As mentioned above, certain rights are provided to the company in such a case. Similarly the most significant consequence of the incorporation of a company is the advantage of limited liability offered to its shareholders. Limited liability has been introduced with a view to provide a minimum insurance to the investors regarding the investments made by them in the business and their personal lives. The effect of this doctrine is that the member of the company is liable only to the extent of the amount paid by the member for the shares owned by such a member in the company. On the other hand, the creditors having claimed that is the company can only recover their dues from the assets of the company and generally they are no t allowed to sue the personal assets belonging to the members of the company (Ford, Austin and Ramsay, 1999). As a result of this doctrine, a significant advantage was enjoyed by the investors as a cap has been imposed on the risk faced by them. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the companies exist, at least partly, for the purpose of protecting the shareholders from any personal liability regarding the liabilities of the corporation. The notion of limited liability emerged in England during the 17th century because before this doctrine, individuals were afraid of investing in a company because all the partners are considered as being equally responsible for the liabilities of the business. On the other hand, as a lot of capital was required for the purpose of financing large projects, and as a result much more money was required to be raised, the investors were not coming forward to finance owing to the risk that was involved in standing guarantee for the whole debt of the corporation. In Salomon v Salomon Co, the court affirmed the legal principle according to which, after its incorporation, a corporation is generally known as a separate entity. The rule provided by the court in this case is still relevant today and is applied by the courts. It was firmly established as a result of this decision that a company can act in its own right and name. Similarly in another case (Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners, 1923), the court stated that between an investor, and the undertaking carried on, the company is interposed by the law as a real, although artificial person. Therefore the business that is carried on in such a case is the business of the corporation and similarly the capital used in the undertaking is the capital of the company and it cannot be considered as the capital of the shareholders, provided the company has been duly incorporated and it is not sham. Another legal notion established by this case was that under the common law, the shareholders can be considered as liable for the debts of the corporation, beyond the amount invested by them in the shares of the company (Ian and Noakes, 2005). Similarly, they do not have any proprietary rights over the property owned by the company. In this regard, it has been mentioned in The King v Portus (1949), for example that while deciding if the employees of the corporation that was controlled by the Federal Govern ment can be considered to be employed by the Federal Government itself, it has to be kept in mind that a company is detached from the stockholders. The stockholders can be responsible for the creditors of the corporation regarding their debts. Similarly, the property of the company is not owned by its shareholders. But sometimes, the court may decide to lift the corporate veil. This act is totally opposite to the concept of limited liability. Although, the idea of limited liability has several merits, it may sometimes results in the problem of over inclusion that maybe disadvantageous for the creditors. Therefore, it has been claimed that the law has over sheltered limited liability. When the court lifts the veil the shareholders personal assets may also be sued as is the case in a sole proprietorship or partnership. A registered corporation has its own legal identity that is distinct from the owners (shareholders) or the controllers (directors) of the company. However there are certain circumstances where the law allows records to ignore the rule of the limited liability of the companies and in this way, lift the corporate veil. In such circumstances, the members are individually held responsible for the actions of the company although the limited liability rule provides that the company has a distinctive identity that is separate from its participants. At this point, it should be noted that piercing the corporate veil is considered as one of the most litigating issues under the company law of the UK (Bainbridge, 2001). However before arriving at the decision to use the corporate veil in a particular case, there are certain factors that have to be considered by the courts. It is also worth mentioning that generally the courts are unwilling to do so and in this way, they like to maintain the sepa rate identity of the companies. However there are certain circumstances where a court may arrive at the conclusion that the separate identity of the company should be ignored, for example where they are acting as a single economic unit or for the purpose of achieving justice. In the same way, the corporate veil can be lifted by the courts when the argument of a sham or facade has been made and the same is the case with the agency argument. In this way, after the legendary decision given in Salomon v Salomon (1897), the courts have recognized the number of factors due to which the corporate veil may be lifted by the courts. The Single Economic Unit Argument: In the leading case titled as Adams v Cape (1990) it has been argued that in case of a group of companies, the basic principle is that each company of the group has to be considered as having its own distinct identity. But there are certain circumstances when this basic principle can be ignored by the courts and therefore, the companies of the group can be considered as a single company. Therefore in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that the group of companies can be considered as a single company where it has been allowed by a particular law or by the provisions of the contract between the parties otherwise the rule provided in Salomon's case will apply (Hawke, 2000). In the same way, another leading case in this regard is that of DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) where the court considered a group of corporations as a single economic entity and as a result, compensation can be paid for the compul sory purchase of land. In this way, these decisions can be considered as a "short step" that has been taken in the direction of the proposition that the principal provided in Salomon's case can be disregarded by the courts if doing so can be considered as just and equitable. However, these days, such situations are treated as very rare and at the same time, doubts have also been raised on several occasions regarding the decision of the court given in DHN Case, for example in Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978). The Achieving Justice Argument: In the same way, the corporate been calculated by the courts when doing so is required in the interests of justice or where any impropriety has taken place. In this regard, it has been argued that the courts can pierce the veil if doing so is necessary for the purpose of achieving justice, regardless of the legal efficacy of the corporate structure that is being considered in a particular case. However in Adams v Cape Industries, the arguments made in favor of piercing the corporate veil in the interest of justice have been rejected by the court (Ball Jr., Matthew and Nelson, 1997). In the same way, in Trustor v Smallbone (2001), doubts have been expressed by the courts if the veil can be impaled by the courts on the basis of impropriety. Under these circumstances, it can be said that the veil can be lifted in the interests of justice if there is also evidence present to suggest that the Corporation is a sham or a facade. In the same way, in Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978), the House of Lords had stressed upon the fact that the principle of the separate identity of a corporation that has been provided in Solomon's case cannot be disregarded whenever doing so is required by justice or equity. The Sham/faade Argument: As mentioned above, the Court has recognized in Adams v Cape Industries that it is well recognized that the court may decide to impale the veil and hold the directors all shareholders responsible if the corporate structure is only a facade designed to conceal the real facts (Easterbrook and Fischel, 1985). For example in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that one of the companies of the group can be considered to be falling in this category. In the same way, the House of Lords has also discussed the argument of facade in Woolfson's case although the meaning of this term has not been explained by Lord Keith. However, regardless of the exact meaning of the term considered by the courts while applying this argument, it was clearly stated by the House of Lords that the Salomon principle cannot be disregarded if it is required by justice or equity. However, it is generally recognized as an exception to the general principle and therefore the corporate field can be pierced by the courts if the Corporation is a sham that has been designed with a view to commit a fraud or for the purpose of avoiding any present contractual obligation (Baxt, 1991). An example in this regard can be given of Gilford Motor Co v Horne where respondent was previously acting as a director of Gilford and had signed an agreement with the company that he will not solicit the customers of the company, in case he quits the business. Under the circumstances, the former director and his wife incorporated a company that was used for the purpose of breaching the terms of this agreement. As a result, the court arrived at the conclusion that the new company incorporated by the defendant and his wife was merely a sham or a cloak and therefore the defendant was liable for the breach of the agreement. However it needs to be noted in this context that the veil is not lifted if the new company has been established with a view to avoid future liabilities. In this regard, it has been argued by some commentators that in these cases, the piercing the veil is not involved at all (Griffin, 1996). However the argument of sham or facade is the strongest argument that may prompt the court to impale the corporate veil in a given case. In this regard it also needs to be mentioned that this argument is very close to the argument of fraud, although generally this argument can stand in the court on its own. This argument is available when a company can be considered as merely a facade or a sham. Such a situation takes place when the corporate form has been incorporated or used for the purpose of hiding the real purpose that the Comptroller of the corporation has. In Sharrment Pty Ltd v Official Trustee (1988), it has been stated by Lockhart J that "a 'sham' can be described as something that had been created with an intention to be erroneously believed to be something else or something that is in reality not but it imports to be. In this way, it is a disguise or a spurious imitation. In this context, it also needs to be mentioned that the argument of sham or facade can be made independently, without arguing fraud. The Agency Argument: In some cases, the court arrived at the conclusion that the corporate veil should be lifted where the company in question is only the 'alter ego' of its shareholders. In such a case, it is said that the corporation is the 'agent' or the 'alter ego' of the corporation's shareholders as in this case it does not perform its own business but it merely carries on business on behalf of the shareholders. In this context, an agent can be described as a person who acts on the basis of the directions given by another person, called the principal and in such a case, all the actions of the agent are considered to be binding for the principal. For example in case of corporations, in some cases a subsidiary can be treated by the law as the agent of the parent corporation (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). For example in Salomon's case, it was stated by Williams J that the company can be considered as an agent of Salomon. But on appeal, the House of Lords arrived at the conclusion th at a corporation cannot be considered as an agent of its shareholders only on the ground that it was a one-man company. Therefore on the basis of this decision, it can be said that the presence of an agency situation is not indicated by the fact that all the shares of the company are owned by a single person. As a result, the facts and circumstances of each case has to be considered separately. Smith Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939) is a leading case that is related with the agency exception. The question that had to be decided was if the subsidiary can be considered as carrying on the business of its parent company or in the eyes of law, the subsidiary was carrying on its own business. In this case, the two companies were treated by the law as a single entity. This case is considered as a significant case related with the agency argument because in this case, the significant factors that have to be considered while deciding the question if the agency relationship is present between holding company and its subsidiaries were mentioned in detail by the court in this case. However, it needs to be noted that these factors act only as guidelines and as a result, each case has to be decided by the courts on the basis of individual facts and circumstances that are present in each case. For example, it has to be considered who's going to receive the profit, who has the authority to appoint and another very crucial factor in this regard is to see who has constant and effective control over the business of the company. When affirmative answers have been given to these questions, it can be said that the group of companies has to be considered by the court as a single entity. In the end, it can be said that the decision to lift the corporate veil is still one of the most controversial matters under the corporate law. However in this work, an attempt has been made to discuss the principles related with the application of the rule of piercing the veil. For this purpose, the arguments that are generally made in favor of piercing the veil by the court have also been discussed References Bainbridge, S.M. 2001, Abolishing Veil Piercing, 26 J. Corp Journal of Corporate Law Spring, 479 Ball, C. Jr., Matthew M. S. and Nelson C. S. 1997, The corporate veil. When is a subsidiary separate and different from its parent? Cornerstone Research Foundation Baxt R, (1991) Ultra Vires Has it Been Revived? 1 Company and Securities Law Journal 101 Farrar, J and Hannigan, B (1998) Farrar's Company Law (4th edn), p.75 Farrar, J. (1990) 'Fraud, Fairness and Piercing the Corporate Veil, 16 Canadian Business Law Journal 474 Ford, H. A. J., Austin R. P. and Ramsay, I. M. 1999, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 9th Ed Frank H. Easterbrook Daniel R. Fischel, (1985) Limited Liability and the Corporation, 52 U. CHI. L. REV, 89 Gower and Davies (2003) Principles of Modern Company Law (7Ed) London Sweet and Maxwell Griffin, S. (1996) Company Law Fundamental Principles (2nd edn), p.19 Hawke, N. 2000, Corporate Liability, London Sweet and Maxwell, p. 108. Ian R. M. and Noakes, D.B. 2005 Piercing the Corporate Veil in Australia, Melbourne University Press Robert B. 1991, Thompson, Piercing the Corporate Veil, an Empirical Study, 76 Cornell L. REV. 1036 Case Law Adams v Cape Industries [1990] Ch 433 DHN Food Distributors v Tower Hamlets LBC [1976] 3 A11 ER 464 Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1923] AC 723 R v Portus; Ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1949) 79 CLR Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22 Sharrment Pty Ltd v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [1988] FCA 179 Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp [1939] 4 All ER 116 Trustor v Smallbone [2001] 1 WLR 1177 Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978) ALT 159